运动员赛期心理状态影响因素与调控方法研究

采用文献资料法对运动员赛期心理状态的影响因素进行分析,发现竞赛期间裁判判罚、天气、对手发挥以及客场劣势等是运动员赛期心理状态的影响因素,针对不同的影响因素采取模拟训练、暗示训练、自信训练和归因训练等方法可以使运动员有效调控心理状态,提高运动员对竞赛的各种适应能力,使运动员在复杂多变的竞赛期正常发挥运动水平。     

竞赛自信及竞赛焦虑与注意指向:情绪Str00p实验的提示

40名乒乓球运动员参加了1项在计算机上进行的情绪Stroop实验。结果表明，高竞赛社会期待特质焦虑运动员的注意特征表现为较多关注消极信息。注意指向不能有效地预测竞赛自信、竞赛躯体焦虑和竞赛个人失败焦虑。这些结果提示，对不同信息的注意指向可能与竞赛焦虑的性质有关。研究讨论了这些结果对运动员心理选材、心理诊断和心理训练的应用意义。     

射击运动员比赛中常见心理困扰及调节方法探析

针对射击运动员在竞赛中容易出现的应激状态、＂Choking＂现象等常见的心理特征进行了分析,并探究出现其特征的原因。分析后指出：射击运动员在竞赛中若要保持心理稳定,避免出现应激状态及＂Choking＂现象,则需要在平时训练中把心理训练与技术训练相结合,让心理要求也成为射击运动员的一种技能。在赛前要增强运动员的自信,做好充分的心理准备,制定合理的参赛目标,使之具备正确的思维方式与积极的心理暗示,提高运动员的集中注意力,在竞赛中就能克服各种心理困扰,自我调节情绪,出色完成技术动作要求。     

竞赛自信及竞赛焦虑与注意指向:探点反应时实验的提示

根据Ｓｐｉｅｌｂｅｒｇｅｒ＾「１」关于认知评价与焦虑反应关系的 临床心理关于威胁指向性注意的研究成果,研究假设,在内隐认知的层次上,将注意更多地指向威肋性信息,是低部赛特质自信和高竞赛特质焦虑的特点之一;将注意更多地指向积极性信息,是高竞赛特质自信和低竞赛特质焦虑的特点之一。对４０名运动员进行的探点反应时实验表明,高竞赛躯体焦虑运动员的主要注意特征表现为较少关注积极信息。注意指向未能有效地预测竞赛     

运动员的完美主义与竞赛焦虑关系的研究

目的:探讨竞赛过程中运动员的完美主义与竞赛焦虑之间的关系。方法:测量3组(共191人)运动员样本在竞赛中的完美主义和竞赛焦虑,并对其进行比较。结果:总体完美主义与认知状态和躯体状态的高度竞赛焦虑有关,而当把力求完美的动力作用与未达完美的消极作用分化开来时,发现只有后者与高度的焦虑相关,而前者则导致轻微的焦虑和高度自信。结论:提示运动员在竞赛过程中追求完美,并成功地控制未达理想而产生的消极影响,就可以减少焦虑并增强自信,发挥出色。     

心理暗示对柔道运动员竞技能力的影响

心理暗示在柔道运动中的作用是有效控制运动员的心理活动,及时调节运动员的消极情绪,改变与缓解消极情绪给运动员带来的不良心理影响,促进运动员保持和发挥良好的竞技能力。在柔道运动实践中,积极的心理暗示,对运动员训练和比赛结果会产生直接影响。但长期以来,在柔道运动的训练与竞赛实践中,由于对心理暗示的作用缺乏足够的认识,造成运动员对独立完成竞赛任务的心理承受能力降低,     

艺术体操运动员竞赛不良心理状态分析及对策研究——以深圳市清林小学为例

艺术体操运动员在竞赛中常常因为各种负面原因而产生一系列的不良心理状态,而这些不良心理状态会导致运动员技术动作变形,失误增多,影响技术水平的发挥。通过研究深圳市清林小学艺术体操运动员竞赛过程中不良心理状态以及其产生原因,提出相应的心理训练方法,以缓和运动员竞赛中不良心理的产生,提高运动成绩,为艺术体操教学训练提供参考,使得运动员可在心理层面上得到提升。     

排球运动员的心理训练

排球运动员的心理训练,是运动员日常学习训练计划的组成部分。它是必须纳入训练计划的一种系统的一贯的训练安排。排球运动员心理训练的根本任务和目的就是发展其心理能力,并通过心理能力的发展,提高使运动员在竞赛中最大限度地发挥其已有的身体能力和技、战术水平,从而使长期训练的结果在竞赛中     

少儿艺术体操竞赛中心理调节若干问题的探讨

对少儿运动员在艺术体操竞赛中容易出现的心理问题进行探讨 ,并结合少儿心理、竞技心理及笔者多年的工作实践 ,对竞赛中少儿运动员的心理调节提出建议。     

跳高运动员竞赛心理准备的教育教学方法探讨

许多有较好技术训练水平和身体素质训练水平的运动员并不一定是竞赛的优胜者,这说明训练竞赛的水平是综合发展的,包括心理准备程度。多年的实践表明,只有重视运动员的心理训练,并采用相应方法培养运动员相应的,心理素质,才能适应竞赛的要求,在竞赛中发挥应有的技术和身体训练水平,取得较好的名次。     

运动自信对不同等级运动员运动成绩的影响

目的:通过对不同等级运动员运动自信心与运动成绩关系的研究,探讨运动自信对不同运动等级运动员成绩的影响。方法:以参加2004年度全国各专项锦标赛的广东运动技术学院的692名运动员为研究对象,采用运动员自信心测量问卷对不同等级运动员进行运动自信心的测量,并将测量结果与运动员成绩进行相应的相关分析和回归分析。结果:运动自信与运动成绩之间存在相关关系(P<0.01),其中,技能掌握自信、技能演示自信与运动成绩之间存在较显著的正相关关系(P<0.001),对教练能力的信心和对比赛情景的自信与运动成绩之间存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.05);技能掌握自信、技能演示自信、对教练能力的信心和对比赛情景的自信均是运动成绩的重要预测因子。结论:运动员自信中技能掌握自信、技能演示自信、对教练能力的信心和对比赛情景的自信对运动成绩具有重要影响,因此在日常训练中应注意根据不同等级运动员,调整有关运动自信培养的工作重点。     

Self-Confidence as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Competitive Anxiety Intensity and Interpretation

The aim of this study was to examine whether self-confidence mediated the relationship between competitive anxiety intensity and direction. Elite (n = 102) and nonelite (n = 144) participants completed the self-confidence subscale of the Competitive Trait Anxiety Inventory-2 and the worry and somatic subscales from the Sport Anxiety Scale. Consistent with procedures recommended by Baron and Kenny (1986), linear regression analyses were used. The findings for elite athletes revealed worry intensity to significantly predict self-confidence and worry direction. However, when self-confidence was controlled, worry intensity did not predict worry direction over that which was significantly predicted by self-confidence. Within the analysis for somatic symptoms, only self-confidence was found to predict somatic symptom direction. For the nonelite athletes, worry and somatic symptom intensity predicted both self-confidence and direction, and direction when self-confidence was controlled. The findings for the elite athletes suggest self-confidence mediates the relationship between performers' worry symptoms and subsequent directional interpretations. However, the findings suggest that high levels of self-confidence and low symptom intensity are needed for nonelite athletes to demonstrate a less debilitative interpretation.     

Self-confidence as a mediator of the relationship between competitive anxiety intensity and interpretation

The aim of this study was to examine whether self-confidence mediated the relationship between competitive anxiety intensity and direction. Elite (n = 102) and nonelite (n = 144) participants completed the self-confidence subscale of the Competitive Trait Anxiety Inventory-2 and the worry and somatic subscales from the Sport Anxiety Scale. Consistent with procedures recommended by Baron and Kenny (1986), linear regression analyses were used. The findings for elite athletes revealed worry intensity to significantly predict self-confidence and worry direction. However, when self-confidence was controlled, worry intensity did not predict worry direction over that which was significantly predicted by self-confidence. Within the analysis for somatic symptoms, only self-confidence was found to predict somatic symptom direction. For the nonelite athletes, worry and somatic symptom intensity predicted both self-confidence and direction, and direction when self-confidence was controlled. The findings for the elite athletes suggest self-confidence mediates the relationship between performers' worry symptoms and subsequent directional interpretations. However, the findings suggest that high levels of self-confidence and low symptom intensity are needed for nonelite athletes to demonstrate a less debilitative interpretation.     

冰雪运动员赛后心理变化特点与恢复手段

运动员赛后心理恢复对运动员心理优势的完善和形成,对推进冰雪运动员竞赛和训练一体化进程具有重要的作用。认为冰雪运动员赛后心理具有动作技能动力定型负向变化、竞赛动机水平变化、自信心正负变化、情绪变化幅度较大等特点,提出积极采用运动员动作认知结构的恢复、增强运动员自信心、修复运动员比赛动机、调整运动员紧张情绪等手段及时进行赛后心理恢复,以促进运动员心理优势的完善和形成,为冰雪运动员的科学训练提供相应的理论支持。     

我国优秀田径运动员认知风格、竞赛焦虑与竞技水平发挥关系的研究

为探讨我国田径运动员的认知风格、竞赛焦虑特征与竞技水平发挥的关系,采用镶嵌图形测验和竞赛状态焦虑问卷的方法,对我国15个省、市优秀田径运动员93人进行调查。结果显示:①我国优秀田径运动员有场依存者和场独立者,个体差异情况较大;田径运动员认知状态焦虑低于田径常模、躯体状态焦虑显著低于常模,状态自信心显著高于常模,场独立运动员躯体状态焦虑显著高于场依存运动员,认知状态焦虑更低而状态自信心更高。②认知风格与认知状态焦虑显著负相关,与躯体状态焦虑、状态自信心正相关,认知风格是影响认知状态焦虑的一个主因素。③两种认知风格运动员与竞技水平发挥率负相关,场独立运动员竞技水平发挥率更高;竞技水平发挥高组的运动员认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑更低,状态自信心更高;竞技水平发挥高组与认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑负相关,竞技水平发挥低组与认知状态焦虑负相关、与躯体状态焦虑正相关,两组运动员与状态自信心正相关;回归分析表明竞赛焦虑的三个维度均不能预测竞技水平发挥程度。     

运动员损伤后的自信心恢复

在竞技运动中,运动员损伤后,如何尽快恢复自信心,重返赛场?在文献研究的基础上,对影响自信心恢复的因素及怎样采取合理措施进行自信心恢复训练,作了概括和进一步的探讨.本文中目标取向和社会支持是影响运动员自信心恢复的主要因素.倾向于任务取向的运动员,对自信心评价水平较高,具有高社会支持感的运动员更易于自信心的恢复.因此在恢复期,确立以提高运动能力为目的的康复目标,营造充满温暖、关爱的心理环境,对促进运动员自信心的恢复有重要意义.     

The effects of perceived and received support on self-confidence

A sample of 222 university athletes (mean age 19.8 years, s = 2.0), ranging in standard from university second team to international competitor, completed a measure of perceived support 2 weeks before an important competition or match. On the day before the competition or match, the athletes completed measures of stressors, stress, received support, and self-confidence. Moderated hierarchical regression analyses revealed the following key findings: (i) main effects for both perceived (DeltaR2 = 0.11) and received support (DeltaR2 = 0.14) upon self-confidence; (ii) stress-buffering effects for both perceived (DeltaR2 = 0.02) and received (DeltaR2 = 0.07) support upon self-confidence; (iii) when both aspects of support were considered simultaneously, stress-buffering effects were primarily attributable to the influence of received support. These results demonstrate the beneficial impact of social support on self-confidence, both directly and by reducing the negative effect of stress on self-confidence. Our findings emphasize the need to recognize the distinction between perceived and received support, both in terms of theory and the design of social support interventions with athletes.     

Playing with confidence: the relationship between imagery use and self-confidence and self-efficacy in youth soccer players

Confidence has been one of the most consistent factors in distinguishing the successful from the unsuccessful athletes (Gould, Weiss, & Weinberg, 1981) and Bandura (1997) proposed that imagery is one way to enhance confidence. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between imagery use and confidence in soccer (football) players. The participants included 122 male and female soccer athletes ages 11-14 years participating in both house/ recreation (n = 72) and travel/competitive (n = 50) levels. Athletes completed three questionnaires; one measuring the frequency of imagery use, one assessing generalised self-confidence, and one assessing self-efficacy in soccer. A series of regression analyses found that Motivational General-Mastery (MG-M) imagery was a signifant predictor of self-confidence and self-efficacy in both recreational and competitive youth soccer players. More specifically, MG-M imagery accounted for between 40 and 57% of the variance for both self-confidence and self-efficacy with two other functions (MG-A and MS) contributing marginally in the self-confidence regression for recreational athletes. These findings suggest that if a youth athlete, regardless of competitive level, wants to increase his/her self-confidence or self-efficacy through the use of imagery, the MG-M function should be emphasised.     

我国优秀运动员竞赛自信心来源比较性分析——以田径和射击为例

针对我国优秀田径和射击项目运动员比赛自信心来源问题,参照台湾学者黄崇儒及郭香云等人编制的运动员自信心来源量表,以及我们前期所做的不同属性运动员自信心来源差异的研究,对我国优秀田径和射击运动员竞赛自信心来源做进一步验证性分析。研究表明,自我呈现是区别田径和射击最为明显的特征;过去经验和替代经验可作为区别性别差异的标志;技术情绪知觉、过去经验、社会支持和替代经验对运动成绩影响具有较高的贡献性。