A Longitudinal Study of Emotion Regulation,Emotion Lability‐Negativity,and Internalizing Symptomatology in Maltreated and Nonmaltreated Children

The longitudinal contributions of emotion regulation and emotion lability‐negativity to internalizing symptomatology were examined in a low‐income sample (171 maltreated and 151 nonmaltreated children, from age 7 to 10 years). Latent difference score models indicated that for both maltreated and nonmaltreated children, emotion regulation was a mediator between emotion lability‐negativity and internalizing symptomatology, whereas emotion lability‐negativity was not a mediator between emotion regulation and internalizing symptomatology. Early maltreatment was associated with high emotion lability‐negativity (age 7) that contributed to poor emotion regulation (age 8), which in turn was predictive of increases in internalizing symptomatology (from age 8 to 9). The results imply important roles of emotion regulation in the development of internalizing symptomatology, especially for children with high emotion lability‐negativity.     

Emotion regulation,homework completion,and math achievement: Testing models of reciprocal effects

The current investigation employs models of reciprocal effects among emotion management, cognitive reappraisal, homework completion, and achievement, based on two measurement points from 1450 Chinese 8th graders. Results revealed that emotion management and math achievement were reciprocally related. Furthermore, higher prior achievement led to higher subsequent cognitive reappraisal and homework completion. Additionally, significant interactions were found between emotion management and cognitive reappraisal in the prediction of subsequent emotion management, cognitive reappraisal, and homework completion. Specifically, these findings indicated that emotion management had a more positive influence on subsequent emotion management, cognitive reappraisal, and homework completion when prior cognitive reappraisal was low (compensatory effect by decreasing the gap between students with prior high and low cognitive reappraisal).     

Assessing Early Childhood Teachers' Beliefs About Emotions: Content, Contexts, and Implications for Practice

This study aimed to develop a measure of early childhood practitioners' beliefs about emotions and to use this measure to examine the structure and correlates of these beliefs. A 40-item emotion beliefs measure was administered to 279 American practitioners. Internal consistency for each of 10 emotion belief areas was weak to moderate. In revising the measure, emotion belief areas with the lowest internal consistency were deleted and items were added to the 6 remaining areas to strengthen their reliability. The resulting 23-item revised measure had internal consistencies of .41 to .62 for each of 6 emotion belief areas. Participants' emotion beliefs were related to their level of education and background in early childhood education. A 4-factor solution provided the best fit to the data, explaining 40% of the variance in the U.S. teachers' emotion beliefs. This factor structure was similar to that of the conceptually derived belief scales. Cultural patterns were examined by comparing beliefs of Korean and American teachers of 4-6-year-olds, using t-tests and factor analyses. Although the structure of emotion beliefs was similar, differences appeared in the level of agreement with many items, reflecting culturally specific expectations a b u t young children's emotional vulnerability and about the nature of emotional bonds and emotion socialization in early childhood programs.     

The importance of emotion in theories of motivation: empirical,methodological, and theoretical considerations from a goal theory perspective

Despite its importance to educational psychology, prominent theories of motivation have mostly ignored emotion. In this paper, we review theoretical conceptions of the relation between motivation and emotion and discuss the role of emotion in understanding student motivation in classrooms. We demonstrate that emotion is one of the best indicators of the classroom goal structure as well as of students’ reports of avoidance behaviors. Furthermore, we suggest that emotional constructs should be included in comprehensive studies and theories of motivation. We conclude with a discussion of both methodological and theoretical implications of including emotion in classroom studies of motivation.     

情绪调节：过程、影响因素及其神经机制

认知重评和表达抑制是最常用且最有效的情绪调节策略。情绪调节还可以分为两个方面,即先行关注情绪调节和反应关注情绪调节。当前的研究都聚焦于有意的情绪调节,而自动情绪调节也是一种重要的情绪调节方式。影响情绪调节发展与策略使用的因素包括遗传、性别、年龄和家庭等。认知重评与表达抑制的神经机制存在共享的区域,但两种策略在使用过程中又会激活与抑制不同的大脑区域。     

团队情绪的概念、效用和作用机制

团队情绪是指团体成员面对与团体有关的事件时,从团体的角度知觉事件并由此产生的情绪。它对团体成员的情绪、团队内部的人际关系以及团队的工作效能均会产生重要的影响。情绪感染可能是团队情绪发挥作用的心理机制。     

Theory of Mind, Emotion Understanding, Language, and Family Background: Individual Differences and Interrelations

Individual differences in young children's social cognition were examined in 128 urban preschoolers from a wide range of backgrounds. comprehensive assessments were made of children's false-belief understanding, emotion understanding, language abilities, and family background information was collected via parent interview. Individual differences in children's understanding of false-belief and emotion were associated with differences in language ability and with certain aspects of family background, in particular, parental occupational class and mothers' education. The number of siblings that children had did not relate to their social cognition. Individual differences in false-belief and emotion understanding were correlated, but these domains did not contribute to each other independently of age, language ability, and family background. In fact, variance in family background only contributed uniquely to false-belief understanding. The results suggest that family background has a significant impact on the development of theory of mind. The findings also suggest that understanding of false-belief and understanding of emotion may be distinct aspects of social cognition in young children.     

Success,failure and emotions: examining the relationship between performance feedback and emotions in diagnostic reasoning

Students experience a variety of emotions following achievement outcomes which stand to influence how they learn and perform in academic settings. However, little is known about the link between student outcome emotions and dimensions of performance feedback in computer-based learning environments (CBLEs). Understanding the dynamics of this relationship is particularly important for high-stakes, competency-based domains such as medical education. In this study, we examined the relationship between medical students’ (N = 30) outcome emotion profiles and their performance on a diagnostic reasoning task in the CBLE, BioWorld. We found that participants could be organized into distinct emotion groups using k-means cluster analyses based on their self-reported outcome emotion profiles: an expected positive emotion cluster and negative emotion cluster and an unexpected low intensity emotion cluster. A clear relationship was found between emotion clusters and diagnostic performance such that participants classified to the positive emotion cluster had the highest performance; those classified to the negative emotion cluster had the lowest performance; and those classified to the low intensity emotion cluster had performance outcomes that fell between the other two. Our discussion focuses on the theoretical implications of emotion classification and design recommendations for learning environments and emotional interventions in computer-based contexts.     

论情感因素对外语学习的影响

文章比较系统地介绍了情绪、情感的构成要素及其分类,指出了它们与外语学习的关系,强调在外语学习过程中,应正确地对待情绪和情感的作用,使其更好地为外语学习服务。     

Emotional experience, expression, and regulation of high-quality Japanese elementary school teachers

The present study investigates the emotional experience, expression, and regulation processes of high-quality Japanese elementary school teachers while they interact with children, in terms of teachers’ emotional competence. Qualitative analysis of interview data demonstrated that teachers had various emotional experiences including self-elicited negative emotions. The major expression patterns were identified as direct staging and the suppression of emotions. Teachers considered emotion expression in front of children as a skill, and their emotion regulation processes involved considering various purposes, appropriately using emotion expression, and ideal teacher images. The findings suggest that high-quality teachers effectively use emotional competence in teaching.     

Emotion regulation profiles, temperament, and adjustment problems in preadolescents

The longitudinal relations of emotion regulation profiles to temperament and adjustment in a community sample of preadolescents (N=196, 8-11 years at Time 1) were investigated using person-oriented latent profile analysis (LPA). Temperament, emotion regulation, and adjustment were measured at 3 different time points, with each time point occurring 1 year apart. LPA identified 5 frustration and 4 anxiety regulation profiles based on children's physiological, behavioral, and self-reported reactions to emotion-eliciting tasks. The relation of effortful control to conduct problems was mediated by frustration regulation profiles, as was the relation of effortful control to depression. Anxiety regulation profiles did not mediate relations between temperament and adjustment.     

False Belief, Emotion Understanding, and Social Skills Among Head Start and Non-Head Start Children

The present study investigated relationships among false belief, emotion understanding, and social skills with 60 3- to 5-year-olds (29 boys, 31girls) from Head Start and two other preschools. Children completed language, false belief, and emotion understanding measures; parents and teachers evaluated children's social skills. Children's false belief performance related to their understanding of their friend's emotions and to teacher's ratings of social skills. Aspects of emotion understanding related to social skills. Head Start (n =30) and non-Head Start preschoolers (n = 30) performed similarly on social skills and emotion understanding measures, however, non-Head Start children performed significantly better on false belief tasks than Head Start children. Results demonstrate the importance of including diverse groups of children in studies of social cognition.     

歌者以德为本、歌唱以情为魂

德为做人之本,处事之魂,作为一名歌者有德才有艺,德才兼备、声情交融,是每一位演唱者毕生追求的艺术境界。身为演唱者,只有唱情才能体现乐以"形情",如果没有了情感的演唱也就是失去灵魂的歌唱,也就是说"情"才是歌曲的"魂"。     

Temperament, Emotion, and Cognition at Fourteen Months: The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study

200 pairs of twins were assessed at 14 months of age in the laboratory and home. Measures were obtained of temperament, emotion, and cognition/language. Comparisons between identical and fraternal twin correlations suggest that individual differences are due in part to heritable influences. For temperament, genetic influence was significant for behavioral observations of inhibition to the unfamiliar, tester ratings of activity, and parental ratings of temperament. For emotion, significant genetic influence was found for empathy and parental ratings of negative emotion. The estimate of heritability for parental report of expression of negative emotions was relatively high, whereas that for expression of positive emotions was low, a finding consistent with previous research. For cognition and language, genetic influence was significant for behavioral indices of spatial memory, categorization, and word comprehension. Shared rearing environment appears influential for parental reports of language and for positive emotions, but not for other measures of emotion or for temperament.     

应知、情、意全面培养--论我国当代教育的缺失

人的精神世界认知、情感、意志三部分构成，且三相联系，相互影响。长期以来，教育界存在的片面重视智力教育，轻视情感、意志培养；重知识传授，轻认知能力培养的现象，正是我国教育的缺失。本重点阐述了情感、意志教育对智力教育、对人的全面发展以及人类社会的可持续发展的重要意义。因此，应对受教育在认知、情感、意志等几方面进行全面培养。     

False Belief,Emotion Understanding,and Social Skills Among Head Start and Non-Head Start Children

The present study investigated relationships among false belief, emotion understanding, and social skills with 60 3- to 5-year-olds (29 boys, 31girls) from Head Start and two other preschools. Children completed language, false belief, and emotion understanding measures; parents and teachers evaluated children's social skills. Children's false belief performance related to their understanding of their friend's emotions and to teacher's ratings of social skills. Aspects of emotion understanding related to social skills. Head Start (n =30) and non-Head Start preschoolers (n = 30) performed similarly on social skills and emotion understanding measures, however, non-Head Start children performed significantly better on false belief tasks than Head Start children. Results demonstrate the importance of including diverse groups of children in studies of social cognition.     

论情感、意志与创造性思维

创造性思维是人类认识活动的一种特殊形式,它具有新颖性和探索性的特点,需要更强烈、更饱满的情感作为其内在的动力。但是,光有饱满的情感尚不足以完成人们的创造性思维活动。为了实现创造性思维活动,还需要以意志为手段来促使创造性思维的成功。因此,可以说,离开了人的情感和意志,创造性思维和创造性活动就无从谈起。     

Thinking about the past: early knowledge about links between prior experience, thinking, and emotion

In two studies the authors investigated the situations where 3- to 7-year-olds and adults (N = 152) will connect a person's current feelings to the past, especially to thinking or being reminded about a prior experience. Study 1 presented stories featuring a target character who felt sad, mad, or happy after an event in the past and who many days later felt that same negative or positive emotion upon seeing a cue related to the prior incident. For some story endings, the character's emotion upon seeing the cue matched, or was congruent, with the current situation, whereas for others, the emotion mismatched the present circumstances. Participants were asked to explain the cause of each character's current feelings. As a further comparison, children and adults listened to behavior cuing stories and provided explanations for characters' present actions. Study 2 presented emotional scenarios that varied by emotion-situation fit (whether the character's emotion matched the current situation), person-person fit (whether the character's emotion matched another person's), and past history information (whether information about the character's past was known). Results showed that although there were several significant developments with increasing age, even most 3-year-olds demonstrated some knowledge about connections between past events and present emotions and between thinking and feeling. Indeed, children 5 years and younger revealed strikingly cogent understanding about historical-mental influences in certain situations, especially where they had to explain why a person, who had experienced a negative event in the past, was currently feeling sad or mad in a positive situation. These findings help underwrite a more general account of the development of children's coherent understandings of life history, mind, and emotion.     

论谢朓山水诗的抒情

谢朓是我国山水诗历史上一个闪亮的坐标，山水诗在他的手上发生了根本性的变化。谢朓山水诗的抒情具有三个特点：情景交融的境界；独特的抒情模式；悲欣交集的特质。     

漂泊、疼痛、困惑——论魏微小说的情感表述

魏微是近年来文坛崛起的新锐作家,她的小说还原生活本真的状态,描写形形色色的各路人,在其情感表述上有写繁华都市中人的漂泊感、成长中隐秘的疼痛、还有当下人生活的时代困惑,本文侧重从小说中的情感表述来论述,来分享魏微的小说,来理解和阐释小说中人的情感,生发出文本之意图,明白魏微书写的意义。