学校德育制度的价值缺陷与变革——制度伦理学分析

从20世纪70年代以来,制度伦理在成为伦理学研究热点的同时,其研究成果也被人们用于分析社会制度的德性问题。合理分析制度主体对制度的价值取向和评判制度的德性价值是制度伦理学的基本原则。近年来,德育理论界开始从伦理学视角反思学校德育的德性问题,     

论现代性语境下道德话语与伦理话语的错位

随着传统社会到现代社会的演变,伦理学话语发生了由以"善"为主题到以"正当"为主题的现代性转换,从而导致了"德性"与"规范"的分离。现代性道德危机的根源也正是来自于由这种分离所引起的"道德话语"与"伦理话语"的错位,在话语的实践运用中表现为两个方面:一是道德教育的"伦理化",二是伦理教育的"道德泛化"以及伦理教育的缺失。对二者界限和范围的厘清有利于现代性语境下新的社会伦理道德建设。     

德性伦理学的特征

德性伦理学作为古代哲学家探讨道德问题的经典模式,在现代道德义务规范理论的冲击下曾经一度被边缘化。德性伦理学在当代的复兴主要是通过回归亚里士多德伦理学传统来实现的,同时也是一些哲学家批判现代性价值观念的思想资源。然而,为了使自己同一般意义上的德性理论区别开来、回应道德义务规范理论的质疑,德性伦理学就必须依据好的人类生活或幸福、德性的基本原则以及人性论等要素来澄清自身的特征。     

论一种可能的伦理致思范式

走向新世纪的中国伦理学要想在日益变化着的社会生活中获得一种合法性以及指导生活的话语权力,就必须创制一套能够解释生活和指导生活的伦理理念、范畴系统和致思方式.其中,前现代性、现代性和后现代性是当代伦理学研究的三个维度;个体伦理、国家伦理、公共伦理、日常生活伦理是伦理学研究的基本领域;追问当代伦理问题的历史与价值根据、构成要素和运作机制是现代伦理致思的基本方式;在元伦理学基础上供给一些切实可行的伦理理念和伦理规范则是伦理学的根本任务.     

论现代性语境中德性的解构与重建

现代性极大推动了人类文明的进程,但同时也引发了道德语言严重的无序状态和现实道德生活的贫困．这种困境的产生在于现代社会企图用工具理性来建构德性,用权利来制约德性,内在地允诺了自由主义和个体主义．本文尝试分析现代性如何通过物质主义、工具理性等理念对德性进行了解构,梳理现代伦理学对德性的重建和困境,在此基础上认为加强德性与生活实践的关联性,在伦理学和多领域之间发起深层的对话,将有助于现代道德体系的重建．     

学校道德教育:德性与规范之间

德性伦理学与规范伦理学之间的论战使得道德教育一直徘徊于德性至善的高标与伦理规范的底线之间,不知何去何从。从社会存在的层面来看,德性与规范都是构成道德存在的基本要素,规范是公民在社会生活中应尽的义务和人际间善意的约定,德性则是不可强求的个人选择。从规范到德性的发展过程是道德价值逐次提升的过程。学校道德教育应根据学生的个性特征,在不同阶段和时期分别予以相应的道德教育内容,使学生逐步成为能够自由、理性地践行道德的公民。     

论麦金太尔德性伦理学中的人生统一性观念

麦金太尔在构建其新的德性伦理学过程中，批判了亚里士多德人生统一性理论的缺陷，意识到自己提出的“实践”和“内在利益”概念不足以构成一个自足的伦理体系。在批判现代性带来道德生活的破碎状况以及分析哲学、存在主义哲学等关于人的存在论的反统一性观点之后，麦金太尔在叙事理论基础上重新找回了人生统一性观念在德性伦理学中的必要位置。麦金太尔的统一性观念可以为道德教育在当前多元社会中的存在价值提供理论支持。     

哈贝马斯现代性哲学的两个出发点

现代性问题指自欧洲启蒙运动以来现代社会中人们所面临的精神困境,表现为人自身价值的空虚和存在意义的缺乏感。基于以往哲学家关于现代性问题研究的反思和语言学的转向,哈贝马斯从交往维度重建了现代性哲学。哈贝马斯高度称赞黑格尔将现代性问题上升到哲学层面,但指出其因困在意识哲学的范式中而并未真正解决现代性问题;他吸收了韦伯的合理性概念,同时对其错误认知做出纠正。哈贝马斯试图通过交往行为理论,用主体间的商谈伦理学构建现代性新的规范性基础。     

完满德性在实践上如何可能?——兼论康德的德性修养观

在康德伦理学中,德性在本质上是内在意志的德性,在价值上是至上无条件的善,德性的本质与价值是人自由自主的确证与标志。完满德性在实践上如何可能?康德认为这首先靠道德的自律,也需要社会文化的教化,同时还需要悬设灵魂不朽,并依赖于伦理社会的建立。     

康德论感激的义务

感激是人类一种原始的、基础性的德性,然而这种德性在一般所谓的现代伦理学中已被长久遗忘.不过,现代伦理学的代表康德却在其《道德形而上学》中专门探讨了这种德性,并且认为感激乃是“神圣的义务”.对感激问题的探讨有助于我们加深对康德伦理学之丰富性的理解.     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.