Socio-scientific reasoning influenced by identities

Based on the comments by Lopez-Facal and Jiménez-Aleixandre, we consider that the cultural identities within Europe interfere with the question of the re-introduction of the Slovenian bear, generating a kind of “discrimination.” When the SAQs under debate run against the students’ systems of value, it seems that the closer the connection between the SAQs (socially acute questions) and the territorial and cultural identity, the more deeply the associated systems of values are affected; and the more the evidence is denied, the weaker the socio-scientific reasoning becomes. This result shows the importance of attempting to get the students to clarify the values underlying their socio-scientific reasoning. As Sadler observed, there was no transfer of socio-scientific reasoning on the three questions considered; each SAQ, as they are deeply related to social representations and identity, generated a specific line of reasoning balancing more or less each operation. Among various methods of teaching SAQs—problematizing, genetic, doctrinal and praxeological methods––socio-scientific reasoning may be a complex activity of problematization fostering the development of critical thinking. Confronted with the refusal to analyse the evidence in the case of the bear, and because of the nature of SAQs, we explore the notion of tangible proof. We think it relevant to study, together with the students, the processes of investigation used by the actors to establish or disestablish tangible proof on SAQs by analysing the intermediary states of the systems of proof, and possibly the “weak signals” which result in calling for the implementation of the precautionary principle.

Students’ Perception of Risk About Nanotechnology After an SAQ Teaching Strategy

We experimented with teaching nanotechnology in high school within the perspective of citizenship education in science by involving experts in nanotechnology, education, ethics and philosophy. After training, the students debated a Socially Acute Question (SAQ) that they elaborated during the various phases of instruction. The field of SAQs represents a French orientation for the teaching of SocioScientific Issues. We analyzed the interactions of students in the debate to determine their risk perception on nanotechnology. We compared and put their arguments into perspective using various analytical frameworks. We observed two contrasting argumentative tendencies: one reflecting a positivist view that involved an individualistic use of nanotechnology and science and one carrying a critical and humanistic vision of the use of nanotechnology and science.     

Meaningful Understanding and Systems Thinking in Organic Chemistry: Validating Measurement and Exploring Relationships

The purpose of this study was dual: First, to develop and validate assessment schemes for assessing 11th grade students’ meaningful understanding of organic chemistry concepts, as well as their systems thinking skills in the domain. Second, to explore the relationship between the two constructs of interest based on students’ performance on the applied assessment framework. For this purpose, (a) various types of objective assessment questions were developed and evaluated for assessing meaningful understanding, (b) a specific type of systemic assessment questions (SAQs) was developed and evaluated for assessing systems thinking skills, and (c) the association between students’ responses on the applied assessment schemes was explored. The results indicated that properly designed objective questions can effectively capture aspects of students’ meaningful understanding. It was also found that the SAQs can elicit systems thinking skills in the context of a formalistic systems thinking theoretical approach. Moreover, a significant relationship was observed between students’ responses on the two assessment strategies. This research provides evidence that students’ systems thinking level within a science domain is significantly related to their meaningful understanding of relative science concepts.     

高校音乐教育专业声乐教学模式与方法探究

教学模式是在一定教学思想或教学理论指导下建立起来的比较稳定的教学活动框架和活动程序框架。通过对声乐学科教学模式与方法从古到今的历史演化进程的论述,科学地揭示了最适合用于现代中国声乐学科的教学模式与方法：应该是一个对各种流派教学模式与方法进行粹取形式的兼容并蓄的声乐教学模式与方法。     

A Two-Step Latent Profile Method for Identifying Invalid Respondents in Self-Reported Survey Data

Insincere respondents can have an adverse impact on the validity of substantive inferences arising from self-administered questionnaires (SAQs). The current study introduces a new method for identifying potentially invalid respondents from their atypical response patterns. The two-step procedure involves generating a response inconsistency (RI) score for each participant and scale on the SAQ and subjecting the resulting scores to latent profile analysis to identify classes of atypical RI respondent profiles. The procedure can be implemented post–data collection and is illustrated through a survey of school climate that was administered to N = 52,102 high school students. Results of this screening procedure revealed high levels of specificity and expected levels of concordance when contrasted with the results of traditionally used methods of screening items and response time. Contrasts between valid and invalid respondents revealed similar patterns across the three screening procedures when compared across external measures of academics and risk behaviors.     

Was Hochschuldozierende aus Lehrevaluations-Rückmeldungen lernen k?nnen

The extent to which students profit from a university course depends on the lecturers?? approach to teaching, with a student-focused approach being more supportive for student gains in competences than a teacher-focused approach. Little is known, however, about how to foster a student-focused approach to teaching. In this paper, we want to investigate how to frame the feedback lecturers obtain from students?? course evaluations in such a manner that a student-focused approach to teaching is encouraged. In two studies using either a qualitative or a quantitative methodology it can be shown that providing lecturers with a feedback on students?? subjective gain in competences (output-focused teaching evaluation) is more effective in promoting a student-focused approach to teaching than a feedback on how satisfied students were with the lecturer (process-focused teaching evaluation). Results are discussed in the context of the Bologna reforms which demand a continuous evaluation of all university courses.     

惯性力为保守力的物理条件

文章分析了在直线加速度坐标系和转动加速度坐标系的各种情况中惯性力所表现的不同特性(保守力或非保守力),以期在大学物理力学教学中使学生对惯性力有一个全面的认识。     

高等师范音乐教育课程改革构想

目前高等师范院校音乐教育课程和教学模式 ,都不同程度地存在着重理论、轻实践 ,学用脱节等弊病 ,基本上是沿用音乐专业院校的课程和教学模式 ,没有从根本上确立师范院校音乐教育目的。建立高师音乐教育的教学系统 ,首先 ,应从理论上明确高师音乐教育的目的和指导思想 ;第二 ,构建音乐教育的课程结构和教学内容 ;第三 ,突出音乐教育的整体优势 ,改革教材与教法     

Primary Connections: Simulating the Classroom in Initial Teacher Education

The challenge of preparing novice primary teachers for teaching in an educational environment, where science education has low status and many teachers have limited science content knowledge and lack the confidence to teach science, is great. This paper reports on an innovation involving a sustained simulation in an undergraduate science education course as a mediational tool to connect two communities of practice—initial teacher education and expert primary science teaching. The course lecturer and student teachers role-played the expert classroom teacher and primary students (Years 7/8) respectively in an attempt to gain insights into teaching and learning through authentic activity that models good practice in primary science teaching and learning. Activity theory was used to help frame and analyse the data. Findings from the first trial indicate that the simulation was very effective in initiating science pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) development of primary student teachers.     

Un exemple de cadre conceptuel pour létude de l'enseignement de la géométrie en formation des maîtres

We are interested in the teaching of geometry to primary school (children from 3 to 11) teachers. We define a priori a conceptual frame, which organises geometry upon three kinds of knowledge: intuition, experience and deduction. Drawing on Gonseth's works, we bring out three syntheses of elementary geometry: natural geometry (geometry I), natural axiomatic geometry (geometry II) and formalist axiomatic geometry (geometry III). Next we illustrate this conceptual frame with examples of teaching geometry. Last we bring out different conceptions of geometry in scholar system which could lead to cross purposes.This revised version was published online in September 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Reframing teacher education and teaching: From personalism to post-personalism

The literature on research into teaching provides different accounts of what is involved in becoming a teacher. Questions about “good practice” are generated for teachers in teacher education. This paper examines three paradigms of teacher education and teaching which are described as developmental, reflective and de/reconstructive to show that there are viable alternatives in deciding how to view the world of teaching. I argue that the three paradigms constitute two frames through which teaching can be practised and critiqued: personalism and post-personalism. The paper explicates the personalist and post-personalist constitution of the two frames. The first (personal) frame of teaching is discussed as being generated from developmental and reflective paradigms. The familiar journey from novice to expert is shown to work within developmental and reflective paradigms. A second (post-personal) frame is explained in terms of its deconstructive and reconstructive possibilities. The second frame is the lesser known alternative for teacher educators and teachers insofar as it questions and reframes the personal nature of much of the teacher development and reflection research. I offer a post-personal frame to the field as a viable means of teaching and research. Post-personalism builds on personalism by taking into account post-structural approaches to teacher education and post-structural literary theory. Parallels between the two frames of understanding teacher education and English teaching, based on literary theory, are drawn where appropriate throughout the paper.     

教育技术学导论课程教材的比较与启示

教育技术学导论课程是教育技术学专业基础课程之一，是入门课程．近年来使用比较广泛的导论课程教材有《电化教育导论》、《教育技术学导论》、《教育技术学》等，本文追溯各教材产生的历史背景，从教材的角度论述我国教育技术概念的演化以及教育技术理论框架的建构，并对本课程教材建设提出一点建议。     

The indigenous worldview of Yupiaq culture: Its scientific nature and relevance to the practice and teaching of science

Is science an invention of European thought, or have legitimate scientific bodies of knowledge and scientific ways of thinking emerged separately in other cultures? Can indigenous knowledge systems contribute to contemporary science teaching? Here we describe evidence from the Yupiaq culture in southwestern Alaska which demonstrates a body of scientific knowledge and epistemology that differs from that of Western science. We contend that drawing from Yupiaq culture, knowledge, and epistemology can provide not only a more culturally relevant frame of reference for teaching science concepts to Yupiaq students, but also a potentially valuable context for more effectively addressing many of the recommendations of U.S. science education reform initiatives. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 35: 133–144, 1998.     

对先行组织者策略的一些认识

随着教学内容向深度和难度拓展,教师的授课必须导入一种框架或者结构,以此把内容组合成有意义的小块,而且在内容讲述之前就要这样做.构建这种框架的方法之一就是采用先行组织者策略.     

论有效教学的实践建构

有效教学是教育理论研究的一个热点问题,也是人们非常关注的教育实践问题。有效教学的最终目标是什么?有效教学的实践何以可能?有效教学怎样才能够可持续?为了回答这些问题,我们需要对有效教学的相关因素进行系统分析,并从整体上建构一种有效教学的分析框架,以此帮助教师更好地进行教学设计,改进教学实践,开展教学反思。     

“概论”课实施“理论框架教学专题讲座教学”新模式的设想与实践

“概论”课本身的理论框架是该课程的重要教学内容之一。“概论”课教学应该将每章内容的理论框架给学生讲清楚。在专题讲座教学方面,可以把“概论”课教学设计成十四个专题。无论是理论框架教学还是专题讲座教学都需要教师多下功夫。专题讲座教学需要教师具有一定的亲和力和良好语言表达能力,专题讲座教学要注重情感沟通。     

从知识分类的角度构建新的课堂教学结构

自凯洛夫的五步课堂教学结构产生以来，关于教学结构的探讨一直没有间断。但是，传统的教学结构常常囿于学时与教学内容之间的一一对应关系，而且没有明确的知识分类的观念，忽略了学习和教学过程的多样性。针对此种现象，应根据现代认知心理学中知识分类的思想，构建新的课堂教学结构。     

Understanding the Induction of a Science Teacher: The Interaction of Identity and Context

The demanding first years of teaching are a time when many teachers leave the teaching profession or discard the reform-minded practice emphasized in teacher preparation. If we are to lessen teacher attrition and more effectively support teachers during their development, a better understanding of what occurs during their induction into the profession is needed. The question that drove this research was what factors influence how a beginning science teacher negotiates entry into teaching? Specifically, we sought to understand how a beginning science teacher’s identities interact with the teaching context; how this interaction shapes his use of reform-minded teaching practice; and how the negotiation of identity, context, and practice influence a novice teacher’s employment decisions. The study involved 2 years of data collection; data included classroom and school observations, questionnaires, interviews, and teaching artifacts (such as lesson plans and assessments). The results demonstrate how conflicts in identities, institutional expectations, and personal dispositions of this novice influenced his transition in becoming a member of his school community. Implications of these interactions for teacher preparation and support are provided.     

课堂教学概念重建

三百多年前,捷克教育家夸美纽斯提出了班级授课制,从教学组织的层面对课堂教学形式进行了规范。虽然随后从大量公开发表的文献可以看出,人们从各种视角和立场深入研究了各种课堂教学模式,对课堂教学的认识发生了迥然变化。但是,毋容置疑在当下学校教育场域的日常课堂教学中,以"同步教学"为主导范型的课堂教学行为并未发生实质性的改变。本文运用概念史的分析视角,以夸美纽斯、赫尔巴特、杜威、布鲁纳、佐藤学的教育思想体系为背景,围绕"目标、内容、方法"等课堂教学元素,运用批判反思的方法论视角,检视五大课堂教学模型从自然主义、观念主义、实验主义、结构主义到社会建构主义的演进历史进程中,如何在课堂理论模型的分析框架中阐释教育"成"人这一大问题的课程教学意义。