菊科的新属及未详知属二、葶菊属及毛冠菊属

 The present paper is an attempt to throw some light on two Composite genera, Cavea W. W. Smith et Small and Nannoglottis Maxim., of which the generic  features and the systematic position were heretofore rather badly known.       Cavea, a monotypic genus based upon Saussurea salwinensis Drumm., was described by W. W. Smith and Small as monocious.  From the ample material now in our com- mand, it is found that the genus is either monocious and dioecious, the capitula in the latter case being homogamous.  The individuals exclusively provided with sterile flowers are usually smaller in size, sometimes even stemless.   Such  repartition  of  sexes  was known in the subtribe Plucheinae (tribe Inuleae), to which W. W. Smith and Small were correct to ascribe their genus.       Nannoglottis was considered by Maximovicz as un abnormal  genus  of  the  tribe Inuleae, having heterogamous capitula with one series of peripheric fertile ligulate pistil- late flowers.  Having examined the type specimen of N. carpesioices Maxim. and the ex- tensive collection from Kansu and Tsinghai, we incline to say that the genetic characters as discerned by Maximovicz are doubtlessly due  to  his  inaccurate  observation.   The flowers of Nannoglottis are in fact trimorphous, of which the  pistillate ones  are  2-3- seriate, the outer being shortly ligulate and the inner, short-tubulate with truncate apex. Handel-Mazzetti, much later, indicated that, in another species, the pistillate flowers are 2-3-seriate, but no mention was made about the inner tubulate pistillate flowers.       Franchet, appearing to be unware of Maximovicz's genus, founded his Stereosanthus Franch. and considered it as a genus intermediate between the tribes Inuleae and Sene- cioneae.  The genus was misinterpreted by Franchet as having dimorphous flowers, the pistillate ones being all ligulate.  Curious enough, one of the major generic features, viz., the presence of inner tubulate pistillate flowers, was neglected by all early botanists and was first recognized by Handel-Mazzetti fourty years later.       However, Handel-Mazzetti was still unacquainted with the characters of Nannoglot- tis and proposed therefore his new genus Vierhapperia Hand.-Mzt. on the reason that the flowers are trimorphous.  Moreover, he compared his genus with Conyza L. and Erigeron L. of the tribe Astereae, but the characters marked by him appear not to be different from those of Nannoglottis.       From the above morphological comparaison, it is evident that Nannoglottis and two other genera in question possess in common important characters in the general appea- rance, the flower-forms and the structure of achenes and pappus.  The differences in the disposition of involucral bracts and the length of ligules are criteria good for separating species, but can hardly be regarded as sufficient  for  generic  delimitation.   Moreover, these three genera are almost similar in their geographical distribution.  These points are adequate to warrant that Stereosanthus and Vierhapperia are in reality congeneric with Nannoglottis.      Nannoglottis appears to have been correctly placed by Hoffmann  in  the subtribe Senecioninae (tribe Senecioneae) though in that subtribe it finds no close relatives.  On account of the outstanding characters of the genus, a further study of its systematic posi- tion is required.      The present paper is brought to close by a tentative scheme of classification of the genus so amplified, of which two sections, namely, sect. Stenolepis Ling et Y. L. Chen (Stereosanthus Franch., p. p. min.) and sect. Nannoglottis  (Stereosanthus  Franch., p. p.maxim.; Vierhapperia Hand.-Mzt.), altogether including 9 species, are being proposed.     

菊科的新属及未详知属一、川木香属、重羽菊属、及多罗菊属

  The present paper concerns itself with three Composite genera of the tribe Cynareae  (subtribe Carduinae), Vladimiria Ilj., Diplazoptilon Ling and Dolomiaea DC., all ranging  throughout the Sino-himalayan region,  These genera have in the past always been as-  sociated with the Eurasiatic genus Jurinea Cass., though there is hardly anything that  can indicate such a relationship. Jurinea, according to the conception of Iljin, is a clearly  deliminated natural genus, while the three genera now in question are all closely allied to  Saussurea DC., being quite remote from Jurinea in the corolla forms,  the structure  of  receptacle and pappus, and also in the morphology of pollen grains.        Vladimiria was founded by Iljin, based on  Jurinea  salwinensis Hand.-Mzt.  The  genus is a close relative of Saussurea from which it differs chiefly in the usually many  seriate pappus which are composed of scabrous or partly barbellulate bristles.  As a re-  sult of our study, a tentative scheme of classification is here proposed, in which Iljin's  original generic concept has been amplified to include a dozen of species previously re-  ferred to Jurinea by Franchet, Diels, Anthony and Handel-Mazzetti from  the  flora  of  south-western China and adjacent countries.  Two sections, namely,  sect. Sorocephalos  Ling and sect. Vladimiria (Saussurea sect. Carduella Franch., Mazzettia Ilj.), are being proposed.       Diplazoptilon, a new monotypic genus based upon Jurinea picridifolia Hand.-Mzt., is here proposed.  It occupies an intermediate position between Vladimiria and Saussurea with a closer affinity to the former, from both of which  it is,  however,  distinguished chiefly by the biseriate pappus with equal plumose bristles.                          Dolomiaea, a natural genus early founded by De Candolle on the basis of the Hima- layan D. macrocephala DC., was considered by Bentham and Hooker f. as not different from Jurinea, a treatment having being followed since by most botanists  of  the past. But, as mentioned above, its relationship with Saussurea is obvious.  It seems to differ from that genus in the two to many seriate pappus, consisting of numerous barbellulate bristles, and in the short style branches.  In view of its affinity with  Saussurea rather than with Jurinea, the generic status of Dolomiaea should be maintained accordingly.  As construed above, the genus is now represented by about 5 species, most of which werepreviously referred to Jurinea by different botanists.     

梾木属的一新亚属——华茱萸亚属

Cornus L. s. 1. is a large polytypic genus. The classificantion of which has been so different that some authors recognize several separate genera, while others treat them as ei- ther subgenera or sections.  New evidence from many disciplines such as palynology, cyto- logy, wood anatomy and embryology supports the view that the genus should remain in the broad sense.  I basically agree with the treatment by Ferguson (1966b) before my finishing a comprehensive study on Cornus L. s. 1. except for supporting  the separation  of subgenus Afrocrania as an independent genus.  A new subgenus Sinocornus Q. Y. Xiang, containing one species, C. chinensis Wangerin, is established here on account of its inflorescence axillary and different from the other members of the genus which all have terminal inflorescences only. The inflorescence developed from a terminal bud implicates the sympodial nature of axis of stem and the one from an axillary bud the monopodial one.   It is reasonable to regard the character as of subgeneric value.  Also a new combination, Cornus subgen. Syncarpea (Na- kai) Q. Y. Xiang, is proposed here as a substitute for Cornus subgen.  Benthamia (C. B. Clar- ke) Schneider used for a long time.  Because the valid publication of the former name subgen. Syncarpea Nakai is earlier than the latter one.  The types of inflorescences of 8 subgenera re- presented by type or selected species are illustrated.     

杏属和樱属植物新组合

报道了蔷薇科李亚科两个种的改隶新组合,将广义李属中的背毛樱Prunus hypotrichodes改隶为杏属中的背毛杏Armeniaca hypotrichides;疏花稠李Prunus laxiflora改隶为疏花樱Cerasus laxifiora。进一步研究的结果,同意前苏联学者G．V．Eremin et V．S．Simagin的意见,将稠李属中的种斑叶稠李Padus maackii改隶为樱属中的斑叶樱Cerasus maackii。     

中国龙胆科一新属——扁蕾属

Gentiana was originally proposed by Tournefort in 1700. Linnaeus adopted this generic name in his “Genera Plantarum” published in 1737. He divided the genus into seven groups on the basis of different shapes of corolla and forms of floral appendages. In his “Species Plantarum” he reorganized them into three artificial ones.  Forty years later, Moench established a new genus, Gentianella under which he described G. tetrandra as the type of his new genus.  In the view of identity of Gentianella tetrandra with Gentiana campestris L., it is evident that Gentianella represents only some plants formerly included in Gentiana at Linnaeus time.  In 1796, Froelich’s monograph on Gentiana appeared.  In his work four sections were represented and one of them was Crossopetalum.  In 1845, Grisebach also published a monograph of  Gentianaceae and recorded fifteen sections of which Amarella and Imaicola are two of his seven proposed ones. In 1888, Huxley studied the floral structure of Gentianaceae  in relation with pollination mechanism and, accordingly, divided the family into two  main groups, one with epipetalous glands, the other with glands at the base of the ovary.  In each group, four types of flowers were found.  He concluded that Gentiana was a  complex genus on account of presence of four different types of flowers in this group,  and suggested that many species of the genus should be separated out to form some smaller  generic categories.  Six years after, Kusnezow in his monograph divided Gentiana into  two subgenera Eugentiana and Gentianella.  In his system, subgenus Eugentiana consists  of ten sections and the Gentianella, seven.  He contributed much to the systematic  treatment of Eugnetiana but little to that of Gentianella.  He maintained the genus  Gentiana in a broad sense.  With increased knowledge of this group in the last thirty years, a number of botanists were able to make a clearer delimitation of true Gentiana  and its allies and treated them in more natural way.  Moench’s genus Gentianella was  rerised.  In 1936, H. Smith separated Megacodon from Gentianella as a genus.  In the  present paper, the writer suggests a generic name Gentianopsis for the section Crossopetalum in the same Genus. This new genus is characterized by (1) its large and somewhat flattened ellipsoidal   flower bud, (2) two dissimilar pairs of calyx lobes which are distichously imbricate in  aestivation, (3) four triangular, ciflated intracalyx membranes at the base of and  alternate with the calyx lobes, (4) distinct gynophore and (5) enlarged stigma. While  in typical Gentianella represented by section Amarella, the flower buds are small and terete, a laciniate corona is usually present, and the calyx-lobes are leafy, lanceolate, imbricate, and not provided with intracalyx membrane.       Besides the morphological characters mentioned above, the anatomical structure of  the floral parts is also a significant generic criterion.  In Gentianopsis, eight vascular  bundles are present in calyx, representing four dorsals and four fused ventrals.  In each  corolla-lobe there are five bundles.  In the body of ovary six bundles are present.  The ovule bearing surface is extensive covering nearly to entire surface of the ovary wall with  the exception of a narrow longitudinal zone along the dorsal bundle.  In Gentianella, calyx bundles are three in each lobe, without fusion of the ventrals.  In each corolla- lobe, the bundles are three instead of five as in Gentianopsis but the lateral ones branch once dichotomously after entering the base of corolla. In the body of ovary only four main bundles are present due to the fusion of smaller ventral ones.  The placentation is confined to the region of the ventral bundles.        Phylogenetically Gentianopsis and Gentianella may be regarded as closely reIated and may represent branches of a common line with Gentianopsis standing at a lower level, Gentianella being more advanced. In Gentianella the number of bundles in the corolla segments and ovary wall are reduced by partial or complete fusion and the distribution of ovules is confined only to the region of the ventral bundles.  However, in the calyx of Gentianopsis there is fusion of ventral bundles, whereas the correspound- ing bundles in the Gentianella remain separate.  The Gentianopsis-Gentianella line on the one hand and the Gentiana line on the other may come again from a common acestral stock.  Gentiana possesses only three bundles in each corolla-lobe.  A variety of plicate between corolla lobes except in case of Gentiana lutea and intracalyx membrane above the throat of calyx-tube are also the common structures in Gentiana.  Thus the pollination mechanism is highly specialized in the genus.  As far as we know, in Gentiana the glandular appendages usually exist at the base of ovary.  If those nectarial processes are correctly interpreted as the representatives of staminodes, gentiana would, undoubtedly, be derived from an ancestral  form with  hypogynous  diplostemonous androecium, and bears no direct relationship to Gentianopsis or Gentianella in which the glands are epipetalous.  It may be reasonable to conclude the Gentiana and Gentianopsis- Gentianella line are two parallel derivatives from a common ancestor which has the floral characters of two series of hypogynous stamens. Gentianopsis and Gentianella may represent branches of a common line with Gentianopsis standing at a lower level, Gentianella being more advanced. Their relations may be diagrammed below:                                                       Gentianopsis                                                                                                                               Gentianella Common ancestor                                                       Gentiana        This new genus consists of fourteen species and two varieties in the world.  Onlyeight species and two varieties are represented in China. They are G. barbara, G. barbatavar. sinensis, G. grandis, G. scabromanginata, G. paludosa, G. nana, G. longistyla,G. lutea, G. contorta, and G. contorta var. Wui.     The species of present genus occur in the alpine regions of North Hemisphere.  InChina t,hey are distributed in Kokonor, Kansu, Shensi, Shansi, Chahar, Hopei, Manchuria,Hupeh, Szechuan, Sikang, Tibet, and Yunnan. G. Yabei (Takeda et Hara) is foundin Japan, G. detonsa (Bott&) in North Europe, G. ciliata (Linn.) in South Europe,G. crinita (Froel.) G. procera (Holm.) and G. degans (A. Nels) in North America.G. barbata is the most widespreading species and reported in Sibiria and China.G. contorta (Royle) is a common plant in Himalayan mountaineous range, China andNorth part of India.     The species and varieties cited in this paper are as follows:           t.  Gentianopsis barbata (Froel.) comb. nov.           la. Gentianopsis barbata (Froel.) var. sinensis, var. nov.          2.  Gentian opsis grandis (H. Sm.) comb. nov.          3.  Gentianopsis scabromarginata (H. Sm.) comb. nov.          4.  Gcntianopsis paludosa (Munro) comb. nov.          5.  Gentianopsis nana sp. nov.          6.  Gentianopsis longistyla, sp. nov.          7.  Gentianopsis lutea, sp. nov.     

罗汉果属修订及葫芦科二新属

   在对广义的罗汉果属进行形态学、解剖学，孢粉学、细胞染色体数目和植物地理学研究的基础 上，进一步对该属作了分类学的修订。  主张将罗汉果属的三个亚属提升为三个属即自兼果属、小球瓜属和罗汉果属。     

东亚和南亚马兜铃属的修订

本文通过对东亚和南亚马兜铃属的研究，修改了马兜铃属的分类系统，补充论证了演化趋势；并   在分析该属地理分布的基础上提出马兜铃属分布与分化的第二个中心——中国的横断山区。  本文确   认2亚属、7组、4系、68种和1变种，其中有3新组、2新种及13个新异名。     

苍山蕨属的研究

eterachopsis was proposed by the senior author as an independent genus of the family Aspleniaceae in 1940 with 2 species.  Since then much study on its morpho- logy,  anatomy,  gametophyte and palynology has been carried out by Nayar,  Bir,  Chan- dra & Nayar and Chang et al.,  and they are of the opinion that the genus like Ceterach, is a comparatively primitive element in the family Aspleniaceae.  The queer zigzag pa- tern of cutting of lanceolate fronds appears extraordinary in the family Aspleniaceae, and also suggests its antiquity in evolution. So far only 3 species  (C.  dalhousiae,  C. paucivenosa and C. magnifica) are recognized,  the former from W. Himalayas,  also known from Africa,  while the latter two from W. S. China (Yunnan).  However,  in the past forty years the Chinese botanists have discovered 2 more species as new in N. W. Yunnan,  thus bringing the total known species of the genus up to 5.  The present paper is a brief summary on the genus Ceterachopsis,  which will be published in detail in the Flora Sinica vol. 4.       Pteridologists are also divided in their views regarding the generic status of Cete- rachopsis with 5 well-defined species in Yunnan and the East Himalayas.  We prefer to mintain it as a genus separate from Asplenium on account of its distinct morpholo- gical features.  It is to be hoped that more species may come to light in the mountainsin N. W. Yunnan through further exploration now under way.     

三尖杉属的研究

The genus Cephalotaxus contains a small number of species. It is adequately appreciated as a newly discovered cancerresistant medicament for the alkaloids obtai- ned from its branches leaves and barks are of curative effect.      This paper deals with the classificatory revision based on the morphological featu- res,  with the reference to the anatomical characters of leaves,  types of alkaloids and pollen morphology observed.  Two new combinations are proposed,  and 4 species and varieties are reduced in the paper. The genus Cephalotaxus is thus suggested to consist of 2 sections and 9 species.  The trees occur in East Asia and the north of Indo-China, with 88% found in China where is the distribution centre and refuge of the genus. The genus in discussion is of unique morphological features which are distinctly dif- ferent from these of Amentotaxus,  Cephalotaxaceae,  containing a single genus of Ce- phalotaxus,  is closely related to Taxaceae,  and therefore the Cephalotaxaceae is best placed in the Taxinieae of Coniferales.     

菊科福王草属的分类界限及中国菊科植物一新属——紫菊属

After having examined all specimens of the genus Prenanthes L. of Compositae in the Herbarium of Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, I find that the classic concept on the genus Prenanthes established by G. Bentham in 1873 has not been held exactly by some of Euro- pean, American, Japanese and Chinese botanists. For example, W. B. Hemsley, S. T. Dunn, A. Franchet, S. Kitamura and C. C. Chang placed plants from China which belong to other groups into the genus; I also find that the classic concept of the genus is not clear.  The present paper makes a revision not only on the classic concept of the genus, but also on its concept assumed by the above-mentionded botanists.      With the combination of numerous (25-35), white or yellow ligular florets, numerous ribs of achenes, Prenanthes alba L. (Nabalus albus (L.) Shih, comb. nov.) is distinctly different from Prenanthes purpurea L., which has the combination of purple, few (5-15) ligular flo- rests and few ribs of achenes.  Nabalus Cass., as a genus established early (1825) by H. Cassini, should be restored.  It is not reasonable to treat Nabalus as a subgenus (E. B. Babcock et al. 1947) or a section (S. Kitamura, 1956) or as a synonym (G. Bentham, 1983) of the genus Preanathes L.       The present author recognizes seven species in the new revised genus  Prenanthes L.  in China, 4 of which are described as new.  In the genus Nabalus Cass.  only one species, N. ochroleuca Maxim., is distributed in Northeast China.       As Lactuca melanantha Franch. (1895), Prenanthes henryi Dunn (1903), P. glandulosa Dunn (1903), Lactuca triflora Hemsl. (1888) (it was transferred to Prenanthes L. by C. C. Chang in 1934), Prenanthes formosana Kitam. (1934) and P. wilsoni Chang (1934) all have campanulate involucres, purple phyllaries, purple dorsi-ventrally compressed achenes, longitu- dinal rids 6-9 on each side of achene truncate and beakless at its apex and pilose tubes of co- rollae, they should be placed neither into the genus Prenanthes with obtusely tri-or pentagonous, subterete achenes and glabrous tubes of corollae, nor into the genus Lactuca with beak achenes. Besides the above-mentioned species misnamed by some of foreign and Chinese botanists, 6 other species also have the same structure in achenes and corollae.  Evidently, they fall into a new genus with the name Notoseris Shih.       The new genus Notoseris Shih of the tribe Lactuceae of Compositae seems to be more re- miniscent of Lactuca L. than of Prenanthes L. emend.       All the 12 species of the genus Notoseris Shih are endemic to China and distributed in the area of south of Yantze River. Of them 6 are new combinations and 6 are described as new.     

中国落新妇属的研究

The Astilbe Buch.-Ham.  ex D. Don was founded in  1912.  There are now 18 species throughout the world. USSR, Thailand, Indonesia, Bhutan, Nepal d Kashan- mir each has only 1 species; Korea, Philippines and USA each has 2; India 3; Japan 6; and China 7 (including 3 endemics and 1 new variety). And northeast China, north China and northwest China each has 2;  central China and southwest China  each 4; eastern  China 5. Thus the distribution centre of this genus seems  to be in the region  covering Japan and eastern, central, and southwest China.       This genus is divided into two sections: Sect. Simplicifoliae Engl.  and Sect. Astilbe. Sect. Simplicifoliae may be considered as the primitive one because it has 5 ordinary petals. This section consists of about 10 species: 5 in  China (east China 4; southwest China 3; ce- ntral China, north China and northeast China each 2; Northwest China 1), 5 in Japan, 2 in Korea, 1 in Philippines and India each. According to the distribution of this section, the author suggests that the centre of origin of this genus be in the  forested  parts  from Japonthrough east China to southwest China.     

关于喙果藤的归属问题

 According to Wang and Xie, their recently  published  genus  Trirostellum  is distinguished from its allied genera by a number of characteristics: (1) the stamens with their filaments coherent into a central column; (2) the female flowers possessing rudimentary stamens; (3) the ovary 3-celled, with one ovule in each cell; (4) the fruits dehiscent, 3-rostrated at the apex; (5) the fruits possessing persistent perianth; (6) the seeds tuberculate and winged.  However, upon a careful comparison of Trirostell- um yixingensis Z.P. Wang et Q. Z. Xie, the type species of Trirostellum with Gyno- stemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Mak., the type species of Gynostemma Bl.  and some other species of Gynostemma as well,we have found that the representatives of the above two genera are identical in most of the important diagnostic characteristics ex- cept that the fruits of the former genus are dehiscent with three long beaks at  the apex, while the fruits of the latter genus are indehiscent  with  very  short  beaks. Besides, results obtained from chromosome counting haove  shown that the somatic chromosome number of Trirostellum yixingensis is 2n=22, while that of Gynostemma pentaphyllum is 2n=28.Yet these morphological and chromosomal differences seem not sufficient for generic demarcation.  We, therefore, suggest that Trirostellum bereduced to a sectional or subgeneric rank of Gynostemma Bl.     

中国荒漠十字花科几种植物的研究

  The present paper deals with 3 genera,Pugionium Gaertn., Lepidium L. and Torula- ria O. E. Schulz of the family Cruciferae found in the desert regions of China.      Of the genus Pugionium 4 species and 1 new variety and their geographical distribu- tion are recognized.      Two closely related species of Lepidium, L. apetalum Willd. and L. ruderale L. and one additional new species are described and their distribution patterns are discussed.      Two species of the genus Torularia previously described by V. Botschantzev (1959)are here redused to varietal ranks, and one additional new species is described.     

几种人参属植物的细胞分类学研究

                                                             摘    要     1．观察到四种人参属植物的体细胞染色体数目为：竹节参(P．japonicus)   2n＝24，三七(P．notoginseng)2n＝24，人参(P．ginseng)2n＝44，西洋参   (P．quinquefolius)2n＝48。其中，野生于江西省庐山和井冈山的竹节参的体细   胞染色体数目，不同于日本植物(2n＝48)；三七的体细胞染色体数目则为首次   报道。     2．分布区最广的二倍体物种竹节参，应是本属中较原始的类群，四倍体物   种人参、西洋参等可能是本属中较进化的类群。  这个结论不同于化学分类学所   得到的结果。     3．结合这四个种的地理分布资料分析，我们认为：我国的西南地区是本属  的现代分布中心，也是本属的最大变异中心，很可能是本属的始生中心。