一体化背景下的中东欧国家高等教育改革探析

苏东剧变后,中东欧国家积极融入欧洲一体化建设之中,其高等教育也进行了一场深刻的变革。各个国家积极参与欧洲高等教育学区的创建,进行了一系列教育改革,取得了一定成就。但由于中东欧国家与欧盟原有成员国的教育还存在差异,致使中东欧国家在参与欧洲教育一体化中面临挑战,存在一定的问题。     

冷战后日本与中东欧关系的发展演变及分析

冷战结束后,日本与中东欧国家的关系经历了建交与提供发展援助(1991年至2001年)、加强与中东欧10个欧盟成员国的关系(2002年至2012年)和深化与中东欧16国关系(2013年至今)三个阶段。注重发展与欧盟的关系和积极构建中东欧地区合作框架是日本发展与中东欧国家关系的特点。时至今日,日本已成为中东欧地区不可忽视的力量,考察日本发展与中东欧国家的关系,对开展中国-中东欧"16+1"合作具有重要的政策和实际作用。未来,中国须注重深化与欧盟的关系、将中东欧"地区合作方式"与"重点合作方式"相结合、探索中国与欧盟在中东欧地区的三方合作和扩展"16+1"合作,以此深化中国与中东欧国家的关系,助推"一带一路"建设。     

浅析欧盟对其少数民族的保护

自欧盟成立以来,欧洲少数民族问题便一直困扰其发展,欧盟对此做出了不少努力,但是依然存在不少问题.本文从对少数民族保护的原因及分析欧盟少数民族政策的角度出发,阐述其民族政策的优点缺陷,并对其今后政策方向提出一些建议.     

怎样看欧盟的东扩?

拥有15个成员国的欧洲联盟,7月16日通过了一项关于欧盟未来建设的报告,建议从12个申请加入欧盟的“联系”国中,先选择匈牙利、波兰、爱沙尼亚、捷克、斯洛文尼亚5个中东欧国家和塞浦路斯共6国,作为首批加入欧盟的对象国。另6个申请国是罗马尼亚、保加利亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、斯洛伐克和土耳其。欧盟接纳中东欧国家是一项长远的战略。早在1994年底,欧盟就已提出向东扩展的前期计划。从走向多极化的世界格局来看,欧盟扩大有助于它在政治上争取对欧洲事务的主导权,在经济上同美、日抗衡。欧盟认为,中东欧是它不可选择的近邻,没有中东…     

欧盟东扩与结构基金的再分配

欧盟东扩是欧洲一体化的重要组成部分。东扩是一个耗资巨大的工程。欧盟东扩后，地区差距和聚合问题将更加突出。在现有欧盟地区政策不变的情况下，加入欧盟的所有中东欧国家都将处于结构基金中的目标1地位，逻辑上也将接受聚合基金的援助。结构基金的再分配将使欧盟成员国之间的利益协调和平衡变得更加困难。     

欧盟东扩的原因探微

20世纪80-90年代,东欧剧变,苏联解体,冷战大幕徐徐落下,世界格局也随之发生巨大变化。作为世界发达地区的欧洲表现尤为突出。德国统一,东西欧力量更趋失衡,中东欧国家为了摆脱苏联的政治、经济和军事控制,纷纷提出“回归欧洲”的口号。这是经济发展与政治独立的必然,亦是中东欧国家的历史和文化特征使然。叙述欧盟东扩的演进过程,重点分析欧盟东扩的原因,并就欧盟的动态发展给予前瞻性的预测。     

欧盟东扩的原因探微

20世纪80～90年代,东欧剧变,苏联解体,冷战大幕徐徐落下,世界格局也随之发生巨大变化.作为世界发达地区的欧洲表现尤为突出.德国统一,东西欧力量更趋失衡,中东欧国家为了摆脱苏联的政治、经济和军事控制,纷纷提出"回归欧洲"的口号.这是经济发展与政治独立的必然,亦是中东欧国家的历史和文化特征使然.叙述欧盟东扩的演进过程,重点分析欧盟东扩的原因,并就欧盟的动态发展给予前瞻性的预测.     

欧盟对中东欧国家民主发展的作用

当前,关于国际行为体如何推动国家民主和稳定的功能性研究,日益引起学界重视。欧盟在推动中东欧国家民主发展方面取得了一定的成功,自20世纪90年代以来,该地区的制度变革深深打上了国际组织的烙印。本文聚焦地区因素,尤其是包括欧盟在内的国际组织在推动中东欧民主发展方面的运行机制和政策目标。通过分析地区一体化等外部环境的变化,进一步研究民主发展的深层内涵,思考中东欧地区的民主发展方向。     

欧盟东扩对中欧出口贸易的影响

2004年5月1日,波兰等中东欧和地中海10个国家正式加入欧盟,至此欧盟内部形成了包括25个国家在内的共同市场,成为世界上最大的经济集团。欧盟东扩对世界经济乃至中欧之间的贸易将产生不可避免的影响。本文通过分析欧盟东扩前后的中欧双边贸易状况,来考察欧盟东扩给我国对欧出口贸易带来的机遇和挑战,并对未来双边贸易的发展提出相关建议。     

联合的欧洲

在经历了漫长的东扩过程后,2004年5月1日,爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、波兰、捷克、斯洛伐克、匈牙利、斯洛文尼亚、马耳他和塞浦路斯10个中东欧国家正式加入欧盟。这是欧盟历史上规模最大的一次扩充,对欧盟、整个欧洲乃至世界都将产生巨大影响。欧盟是“欧洲联盟”的简称,它的形成经历     

Der Weg Nach Europa: Bildungsreformen in Mittel- und Osteuropa

THE WAY TO EUROPE: EDUCATION REFORM IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE – Since embarking for the European Union in 1989, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have been reorganising and restructuring their educational systems. In doing so, they have not only departed from the Soviet-style education model, but also recognised that education constitutes a key issue in competition. Despite some economic problems, the education reforms in these countries have been regarded as part of a major effort at integrating themselves into the European sphere of knowledge. Many of the efforts and measures in education policy envisaged and carried out since the systemic change occurred have led not only to revitalizing national educational heritages, but also to the independent adoption of other European and international trends and topics in educational discourse. Thereby, these states have proved to be considerably more innovative and flexible than the “older” members of the EU. The prospect of being taken up into the EU has probably helped accelerate the entire process. The present study focuses on some key overarching developments in the educational landscape of states in Central and Eastern Europe, even as it is apparent that these are proceeding along different paths at different speeds.     

Der Weg Nach Europa: Bildungsreformen in Mittel- und Osteuropa

THE WAY TO EUROPE: EDUCATION REFORM IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE – Since embarking for the European Union in 1989, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have been reorganising and restructuring their educational systems. In doing so, they have not only departed from the Soviet-style education model, but also recognised that education constitutes a key issue in competition. Despite some economic problems, the education reforms in these countries have been regarded as part of a major effort at integrating themselves into the European sphere of knowledge. Many of the efforts and measures in education policy envisaged and carried out since the systemic change occurred have led not only to revitalizing national educational heritages, but also to the independent adoption of other European and international trends and topics in educational discourse. Thereby, these states have proved to be considerably more innovative and flexible than the “older” members of the EU. The prospect of being taken up into the EU has probably helped accelerate the entire process. The present study focuses on some key overarching developments in the educational landscape of states in Central and Eastern Europe, even as it is apparent that these are proceeding along different paths at different speeds.     

Development of education policy in Lithuania during the years of transformations

Development of education policy in Central and Eastern Europe is a specific type of educational transformations. Though almost all the countries in the region began their reforms from a similar starting point—the Soviet-type education system—eventually they moved towards different educational models. As a result of the full EU membership of the eight post-communist Central and Eastern European countries, one may recently observe a certain convergence of reform patterns, determined by the development of the common EU education policy. Lithuania is a typical example of educational transformations in the region. The article highlights the development of education policy in Lithuania from a highly inspirational and spontaneous transformations in early 1990s to more pragmatic and economically grounded reforms in late 1990s and early 2000s. Further integration into the EU evoke new systemic changes in Lithuanian education.     

A reflection on adaptability,achievement motivation and success of Central and Eastern European students in one English university

This article reflects on and discusses Central and Eastern European (CEE) learners’ adaptability and achievement in one English post-1992 university. There appears to be a scarcity of studies of values, beliefs, attitudes and needs as well as achievement (and factors contributing to it) between CEE and other learners. Since the expansion of the European Union, CEE students’ presence in British higher education has become more pronounced. CEE learners are treated as home students (for the purpose of fees) and yet they come from a distinctively different socio-historical background and pedagogic tradition – tradition (as explained further in the article) that is, to a certain extent, common in CEE countries as a result of the sovietisation of education systems within post communistic countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In the British higher education sector there is a move in curriculum delivery towards more personalised learning, which underlines that effective teaching and learning starts with understanding the individual student. Therefore, it is important that universities with a high proportion of EU students attempt to understand where CEE students come from and what their aspirations might be. This article provides some insights into CEE learners’ values, attitudes and motivations to learn and looks for possible reasons for their success.     

Why transitional public relations methodologies are needed for the reform of higher education in the countries of central and eastern Europe

This essay reflects upon the themes that emerged from the “Public Relations—An Instrument for the Transformation and Development of Higher Education in Central and Eastern Europe” seminar, for which the articles appearing in this issue of Higher Education in Europe were originally prepared. The transitional public relations approach, which was developed and introduced to the world public relations literature by the author, is used to analyze the impact of this type of public relations on the reform of higher education in the former communist countries of Europe. The main conclusion is that, in view of the common communist heritage of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the application of public relations strategies and instruments in higher education accelerates and facilitates reform of this key area of the economy and also causes it to become more effective. The above statement is particularly valid for private universities.     

Reflections on the Reform of Higher Education in Central and Eastern Europe

Attempting to generalize about the reform of higher education in Central and Eastern Europe since the end of communism is made complicated by the difficulty in identifying clear terms of reference and points of comparison. The area and the higher education systems concerned are far from being homogeneous, for the homogeneity imposed by communism and Soviet domination did not last. When comparing Central and Eastern European higher education systems with those of the West, one is confronted with Western higher education systems that are quite heterogeneous and themselves also going through change. The routes to transition in higher education in Central and Eastern Europe are as diverse as the given systems and countries. The two standard categorizations of Central and Eastern European higher education, exceptionalism and underdevelopment, are inaccurate. Rather, Central and Eastern European higher education should be viewed as fitting into a wider effort to reorient the whole of European higher education towards the knowledge society. In this venture, Central and Eastern European higher education may possess some advantages that are not as prevalent further West.     

剧变后的中东欧国家“共产主义后继党”

在中东欧国家的“共产主义后继党”中,除捷摩共未执过政外,其它均作为各自国内左翼力量的主体,与其他政治势力轮流执政,在有的国家实现了两度执政或连续执政。“共产主义后继党”已成为中东欧各国主流政治生活的有机部分,对中东欧各国政治、经济和社会的转型与发展产生了重要影响。     

Education and Social Transformation in Central and Eastern Europe

This article evaluates the outcomes of the efforts of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries to make their education systems more effective in enhancing broader social and economic goals. It focuses on those 11 Central and Eastern European countries which became members of the EU in 2004 or following this date. First, it presents a short analysis of how educational goals were connected with the broader goals of social and economic progress before and during the first phase of the transition period after the collapse of Communism. It then analyses the impact of the accession of these countries to the EU, including the impact of some European mechanisms that have contributed to the strengthening of linkages between education and social-economic progress. The third part of the article attempts to evaluate the outcomes of the relevant national education reforms, development programmes and policies, most of them generated by these mechanisms, in the light of a number of selected indicators. A key conclusion of the article is that the adoption of the lifelong learning approach of the EU has been a major engine to strengthen the role of education in social and economic development in the CEE region, but most countries still need further efforts to translate this approach into coherent and effective national policies and to implement them so that they produce relevant and significant outcomes.     

Social and Cultural Dimensions of the Transformation of Higher Education in Central and Eastern Europe

The thesis of this article is that the main factors contributing to the need to rethink higher education institutions today are linked to the advent of the global age. Although the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are not yet feeling the full force of the ensuing pressures, higher education here is likely to be affected very soon by globalization-related processes. Higher education all over the world, including Central and Eastern Europe, is no longer the unique part of the public sector that it used to be, either in explicit political declarations, in public perceptions, or in practical terms. Higher education is doubly affected by the local post-1989 transformations and by more profound and more long-lasting global transformations. To neglect either of the two levels of analysis is to misunderstand a decade of failed attempts to reform higher education systems in this part of the world.     

Central Europe-South Eastern Europe: Inter-regional Relations in Education,Science, Culture,and Communication

The central premise in the holding of the Symposium was that there is a long tradition of co-operation among the countries of the sub-regions concerned in the domains of education, science, culture, and communication. Given the perspective of accession of most of these countries to EU membership, this co-operation will develop and expand. As such, it is worth studying so as to better understand and promote it. Thus, the Symposium examined the following topics: (i) Looking Ahead: Links and Co-operation in the Central and South Eastern Europe; (ii) Science and the Application of Science for Technology Development: Towards Enhancement of Endogenous Capacities; (iii) Co-operation through Culture Interactions: Lessons from the Past and Agenda for the Future; (iv) Enhancing the Quality of Communication for and through Better Co-operation. The conclusion is that co-operation of all sorts among the countries of the sub-regions is stronger than co-operation between them but that they should pursue their EU accession efforts, enhancing them through sub-regional co-operation in all domains.