THE EFFECTS OF COGNITIVE CONFLICT MANAGEMENT ON COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AND SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENT

Three teaching methods were compared in this study, namely a Cognitive Conflict Management Module (CCM) that is infused into Cognitive Acceleration through Science Education (CASE), (Module A) CASE without CCM (Module B) and a conventional teaching method. This study employed a pre- and post-test quasi-experimental design using non-equivalent control groups. The design involved 130 participants from Form 2 (Grade 7) in a Malaysian secondary school. The cognitive level of all participants was classified as non-formal operational on the pre-test and were allocated to one of the four intact groups: experimental group 1, EP1 experienced Module A, experimental group, and EP2 experienced Module B, while the others were divided between two control groups. The impact of the three teaching methods on the level of cognitive development and science achievement were observed after a 20-week intervention. Data were analysed using multivariate analysis of variance/multivariate analysis of covariance, analysis of covariance and a paired-samples t test. It is hoped that this study can contribute to knowledge in the field of cognitive intervention and cognitive conflict strategy. The findings show that a high dose of cognitive intervention in CASE activities within a short period has an effect on the levels of students’ cognitive development, standard science achievement and constructive cognitive conflict.     

RELATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TO MEMORY FUNCTIONING IN OLDER ADULTS: THE MEMORY WORKOUT PROGRAM

This paper describes a Phase I pilot study for the future development and field testing of a prototype CD-ROM program called the MEMORY WORKOUT. The MEMORY WORKOUT helps older adults increase and monitor changes in their daily physical and cognitive activity levels and these effects on physical functioning and memory. A holistic, multimodal model of memory provides the theoretical base for the design of the program. The primary purpose of this program is to enhance users' appreciation for the immediate and longer term benefits of exercise and physical activity on daily mental and physical function. Phase I results with 24 older adults (mean age = 71.2 years) indicate significant cross-sectional relationships among exercise time, exercise efficacy, and word list memory, and moderate to strong interest in improving memory and physical activity. Using Phase I prototype information, the goal of a Phase II project is to produce a complete, interactive, multimedia CD-ROM program that includes fitness training, assessment, and simulation components that are appropriate for adults over age 60.     

THE RELATION OF VOCATIONAL INTERESTS TO LIFE GOALS, SELF-RATINGS OF ABILITY AND PERSONALITY TRAITS, AND POTENTIAL FOR ACHIEVEMENT

In three analyses using canonical correlation, interests as measured by Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, were related to (a) 35 life goals, (b) 31 self-ratings of ability and personality traits, and (c) 22 scales measuring potentials for achievement. The sample consisted of 20,369 college freshmen in 37 institutions. Results are shown separately for males and females for five factors for each analysis.     

小议《现代汉语通论》瑕疵

《现代汉语通论》是在新时代新的人材要求下，对以前的教材批判性吸收后重新编写的一部全国高校普遍通用的现代汉语基础理论教材。我们在学习过程中感于本书的实用和时代性的同时，也在某些地方遇到一些困难或感到困惑，发现书中存在一些瑕疵。现从印刷错误、所述不全、所述有误、前后不一和存在争议五个方面进行了整理归纳，管中窥豹，不胜冒昧，这里一并提出求教于方家，同时也希望能够给编者今后的修订工作提供一些参考，为以后的学习者提供方便。     

"德育目标"引论

本文把“德育目标”作为考察对象 ,从成文的德育目标与不一定成文的隐性的德育目标之别 ,着眼于德育必要性的德育取向与着眼于德育可能性的德育取向之别和古今德育之别等角度 ,揭示中西德育价值取向的差异和中国长期存在“德育目标过高”现象的历史根源。     

论四种学习理论在体育教育的贡献与缺陷

解析四种学习范式相互依存、彼此渗透,内在转换和沟通的共性.澄清学习理论认识上尚未得到充分说明的分歧与疏离,合理与局限的摆正,揭示其积极变化和努力的方向对体育学习的影响与启示,以期能为我国体育新课程的实践应用与抉发提供参考.     

高校体育与社区体育协调发展的探讨

本文采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈法和数理统计法对社区体育发展现状和高校体育资源现状进行了调查分析,旨在探讨如何将两者有机的结合在一起,建立“学区体育”模式,使高校体育与社区体育协调发展,构建和谐社区,共同实现全民健身计划的目标。     

COGNITIVE LOAD THEORY AND THE ACQUISITION OF COMPLEX COGNITIVE SKILLS IN THE ELDERLY: TOWARDS AN INTEGRATIVE FRAMEWORK

The purpose of this article is to explore the advantages of instructional formats based on cognitive load theory for elderly learners engaged in the acquisition of complex cognitive skills. A great body of research has demonstrated that cognitive aging is accompanied by a reduction of working - memory capacity, a general slowing of mental processes, and a decline of the ability to repress irrelevant information. The core idea of cognitive load theory is that working - memory capacity is limited and should therefore be managed with great care and discretion. Cognitive load theory claims that this can be achieved by minimizing the level of extraneous cognitive load, which is the portion of load that does not contribute to schema acquisition, and by maximizing the level of germane cognitive load, which directly contributes to the construction of cognitive schemata. Since instructions based on cognitive load theory deal with cognitive limitations, in that they lead to an efficient use of the available resources, it was hypothesized that they are especially effective when elderly people are involved. This idea was analyzed by means of a framework merging cognitive load theory with the aforementioned research findings concerning cognitive aging. It was concluded that cognitive load theory, enabling elderly people to acquire new complex skills, can be regarded as an essential guide for educational gerontology.