把握出题人出题规律 探寻解读科技文阅读理解题的新途径

高考科技阅读理解题的解读,历来是语文卷中的一块"硬骨头".长期以来,教师都只注意从答题者的角度教给学生解读的方法,忽略了对出题人为何要这样出题的分析思考.把握出题人用意及规律,探寻解读现代文阅读题的新途径就非常必要.     

理解行为与领悟能力——大学英语阅读教学思路谈

大学英语阅读中常出现一些问题。针对这些问题，提出教学的几点思路，把英语的阅读教学分成三个层次，由表及里，由浅入深地递进阅读，使阅读达到理解行为和领悟能力的有机结合，增强阅读教学的科学性。     

试论大学英语四级考试阅读中的话语分析过程和方法

现今,许多高职院校的商务英语、国际贸易等与英语紧密相关的专业对学生一般都要求在校期间要参加大学英语四级考试。大学英语四级考试的阅读理解占35％的分值,其重要性可见一斑。文章以话语分析和大学英语四级考试阅读理解之间的关系为切入点,着重探讨“阅读文本话语分析的过程”、“话语分析的方法”,介绍了作者运用话语分析,解构大学英语四级阅读理解的语句和篇章,助力高职生提升英语阅读水平的一些尝试。     

英语阅读理解中师生互动的作用

通过实验研究探讨了师生互动在英语阅读理解中的作用,研究对象是150名在校大学生。被试被分为3个组,分别参加3种不同输入语境的阅读测试,A组阅读简写的材料,附有生词注释;B组阅读原汁原味的材料,没有生词注释;C组阅读没有生词注释的材料但可以与老师互动。结果表明:A组和C组都比B组理解得好,而C组比A组理解得好,这说明师生互动在阅读理解中起着举足轻重的作用。此外,真实材料和学生动机在外语教学中的作用也不可忽略。     

Effects of a Supplemental Vocabulary Program on Word Knowledge and Passage Comprehension

Abstract

A cluster randomized trial estimated the effects of a supplemental vocabulary program, Elements of Reading®: vocabulary on student vocabulary and passage comprehension in moderate- to high-poverty elementary schools. Forty-four schools participated over a period spanning 2 consecutive school years. At baseline, 1,057 teachers and 16,471 students from kindergarten, first, third, and fourth grade participated. The schools were randomly assigned to either the primary or intermediate grade treatment group. In each group, the nontreatment classrooms provided the control condition. Treatment classrooms used the intervention to supplement their core reading program, whereas control classrooms taught vocabulary business-as-usual. The intervention includes structured, weekly lesson plans for 6 to 8 literary words and aural/oral and written language activities providing multiple exposures and opportunity for use. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to estimate both proximal (Year 1) and distal (Year 2) effects on vocabulary and passage comprehension. The intervention had positive and statistically significant proximal effects but no statistically significant distal effects. The results indicate that the intervention can improve targeted vocabulary and local passage comprehension, but expecting global effects may be overly optimistic.     

Instructional Research in Reading Comprehension: a Preliminary Observation Study of Reading Comprehension Classes Taught by IE Student Teachers

Developments in reading research in the last two decades have led to a fuller understanding of the reading process and enabled researchers and practitioners to address the issue of how to improve the teaching of reading comprehension. This paper reviews some of the studies in general classroom instructional research and reading comprehension instruction. It then reports an observation study of reading comprehension instruction carried out by IE student teachers. The findings of the study are discussed in the light of similar studies reviewed in the earlier section of the paper, and implications for classroom practice and further research are suggested.     

问题预览对非英语专业学习者听力理解的影响

非英语专业学习者听力理解水平受多种因素影响,有无问题预览是其中之一。高、低水平组非英语专业学习者在有无问题预览情况下的听力测试成绩显示：问题预览对英语学习者的听力理解有影响,且对低水平者促进作用更大;英语水平仍然是决定听力理解的关键因素。     

蕴涵量表法在HSK阅读理解测验公平性研究中的应用

阅读理解能力测验中所选择的文章在内容方面对不同专业背景的考生亚团体是否具有公平性的问题,是测验效度高低的重要证据,也是测验效度验证（validation）的重要环节。本研究以中国语言与文学专业考生为目标组,分别将经济学专业和生物医学专业考生作为参照组,采用效标测量和蕴涵量表分析相结合的方法,对HSK（高等）阅读理解测验的文章难度对三个不同专业背景的考生组的公平性问题进行了检验。研究结果表明,两个参照组考生尽管具有各自的相对专业优势,但他们在六篇阅读材料上获得的难度排列顺序与目标组考生完全一致;虽然目标组考生不具备汉语知识以外的其他专业优势,但因为HSK考试所选择的阅读材料没有涉及语言知识本身以外的特殊专业要求,因而测验对三个不同专业背景的考生具有较高的公平性。     

如何培养学生的听力技能

听力是英语专业的一门重要基础课,也是学生普遍认为较难的课。从听力教学经验和学生的实际出发应从四个方面对学生进行专门的听力学习,即语音训练、词汇训练、化背景知识的掌握及多听多练。     

英语听力的认知方法

英语听力理解,作为典型的“通过做来学”的技巧,要求学习者必须掌握在听的同时针对关键的语言成分使用恰当的听力策略,从而最终理解所听到的内容。有别于读和写,听的过程是稍纵即逝而不可随意逆转的,拘泥于通过语音语调的分析和训练来提高学习者的听力水平是远远不够的。笔者认为,理解过程中对认知成分以及听力中的种种暗示的学习可以更有效地帮助学习者提高听力理解。     

Relation Between Reading Comprehension,Vocabulary, Reading Pleasure,and Reading Frequency

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to determine (a) the degree to which reading comprehension, vocabulary, reading pleasure, and reading frequency later in life can be predicted by earlier measures of the same variables; and (b) the degree to which path models and common-factor models explain the correlational structure of the development of these four aspects of reading. During five years, a cohort of 363 primary school children was followed. A variety of tests for the four aspects of reading was administered in grades 2 through 6. To answer the first question the quasi-simplex model from Guttman and Jöreskog was used. To answer the second question a path model and the ‘multi-wave, multi-variable’ model from Jöreskog and Sörbom was employed. It appeared that the scores for reading comprehension, vocabulary, reading pleasure, and reading frequency measured at a particular point in time could be predicted quite well by measures of the same variables at the preceding point in time. The precision of the prediction for reading comprehension and vocabulary was found to be better than for reading pleasure and reading frequency. Further, a shared common factor did not appear to underlie the development of reading comprehension, vocabulary, reading pleasure and reading frequency. Just as the development of reading comprehension and vocabulary appears to have a common source, the development of reading pleasure and reading frequency also appears to have a common source. Reading pleasure and reading frequency run rather autonomously with respect to reading comprehension and vocabulary. Résumé Cette étude longitudinale avait pour objectifs de déterminer (a) le degré de fiabilité des prédictions de la compréhension de la lecture et du vocabulaire, du plaisir de lire et de la fréquence des activités de lecture par une mesure antérieure des mêmes variables et (b) le degré d’explication des interactions entre l’évolution de ces quatre aspects de la lecture, fourni par l’analyse des pistes causales et les modèles factoriels courants. L’enquête a suivi une cohorte de 363 élèves de l’enseignement primaire pendant cinq ans. Toute une série de tests portant sur ces quatre domaines a été administrée aux élèves du deuxième au sixième degré. Pour répondre à la première question, nous nous sommes servis du modèle “quasi-simplex” de Guttman et Jöreskog. Pour répondre à la seconde, nous avons utilisé l’analyse des pistes causales et les modèles “multi-wave” de Jöreskog et Sörbom. Nous avons constaté que les résultats de la compréhension de la lecture et du vocabulaire, du plaisir de lire et de la fréquence de l’activité de lecture mesurés à un moment détermin? pouvaient être prédits de manière satisfaisante par la mesure des mêmes variables à un moment précédent. La précision de la prédiction de la compréhension de la lecture et du vocabulaire était plus élevée que celle obtenue pour les aspects “plaisir de lire” et “fréquence des lectures”. En outre, aucun facteur commun sous-jacent à l’évolution de la compréhension de la lecture et du vocuabulaire, du plaisir de lire et de la fréquence de la lecture n’a pu être mis en évidence. Nous avons tout au plus constaté que la compréhension de la lecture et du vocabulaire ont une source commune, tandis que le développement du plaisir et de l’intensité de la lecture en ont une autre. Plaisir de lire et intensité de lecture semblent se développer d’une manière plutôt autonome par rapport à la compréhension de la lecture et du voculabulaire. (Traduction: Norberto Bottani, directeur SRED, Genève, Suisse.)     

如何提高英语阅读水平

阅读是外语学习中获得信息的主要手段 ,要想提高阅读水平 ,首先要具备一些基本阅读条件 ,掌握足够的词汇、常用的短语及扎实的语法知识。同时 ,要想正确理解文章 ,还要具备一些常识 ,专业知识和背景知识 ,掌握了这些要素将对提高阅读能力有很大的帮助     

阅读理解考试篇章数量与题目数量拟合度研究

阅读篇章的选择、多项选择题目的设计以及篇章数量与测验题目数量的拟合度问题,是影响阅读理解能力测试信度和效度的基本因素。篇章数量和题目数量的不同组合方式对阅读理解测验误差和信度的影响也不相同。本研究以中国汉语水平考试(HSK)的实测数据为基础,随机选择500名考生作为研究样本,借助概化理论的随机双面嵌套(nested)设计s×(i:p)分析了HSK阅读理解测验中的误差来源和结构,对篇章数量和题目数量的匹配合理性进行了检验。研究结果显示:增加文章数量和题目数量均可以提高测验的精度,但增加文章数量比增加题目数量对概化系数(Generalizability coefficient,Eρ2)的提高作用更有效;HSK阅读理解测验的篇章数量和题目数量的现行组合方式符合误差控制的原则和信度指标的要求。     

问题预览方式和篇章类型对英语听力理解的影响

文章以某师范大学非英语专业二年级4个班205名学生为研究对象,从问题预览方式和篇章类型两个维度,探讨问题预览对英语听力理解的影响。实验结果表明：（1）听力理解分别受问题预览方式和篇章类型的影响,但两个因素不存在显著交互作用;（2）就总体而言,完全预览比题干预览与无预览更显著有利于听力理解,选项预览比无预览更显著有利于听力理解;（3）会话篇章采用不同的预览方式,答题的正确率不存在显著差异,但在讲座篇章中却存在非常显著差异。     

认知语言学理论与阅读理解——认知语言学理论对阅读理解的启示

认知语言学的经验主义语义观之优于客观主义与主观主义之处,在于它采用了经验主义的哲学观点,提出了主客观相结合的经验主义语义观,并用经验主义的语义观解释了阅读理解既包括对文本语言的理解,更包括对语言以外背景知识的理解之合理性.从认知语言学的角度看,阅读理解是一个复杂的心理过程.在此过程中,大脑贮存的语言知识图式和背景知识图式相互作用,不断地对新输入的信息进行验证、分析和推断,直至完成对文本的解码.对阅读理解过程的认知解析,在于揭示阅读的心理机制和思维规律,以促进阅读理解教学.     

Internet in the Classroom: Effects on Reading Comprehension,Motivation and Metacognitive Awareness

This study examined the potential of entertainment-education (E-E) for promoting engagement with a science issue. It was assumed that certain entertaining features of a media experience increase viewers’ perceived knowledge about an issue. Drawing on different theoretical models of E-E and on persuasive effects of narrative media messages, three hypotheses and one research question were assessed in a survey among 103 participants, who were shown a movie about genetic engineering beforehand. Results suggested that the higher viewers’ transportation, identification, and enjoyment were, the more they actually felt informed. Viewers’ degree of transportation, though, revealed to be sufficient to explain their perceived knowledge.     

CET阅读理解与阅读能力

阅读能力的培养始终是大学英语教学的首要任务.本文简要分析大学英语四级考试阅读理解部分的一些特点,它着重考察学生哪几方面的能力,及其对教学的启示.     

Reading Across Mediums: Effects of Reading Digital and Print Texts on Comprehension and Calibration

This study explored differences that might exist in comprehension when students read digital and print texts. Ninety undergraduates read both digital and print versions of newspaper articles and book excerpts on topics of childhood ailments. Prior to reading texts in counterbalanced order, topic knowledge was assessed and students were asked to state medium preferences. After reading, students were asked to judge under which medium they comprehended best. Results demonstrated a clear preference for digital texts, and students typically predicted better comprehension when reading digitally. However, performance was not consistent with students' preferences and outcome predictions. While there were no differences across mediums when students identified the main idea of the text, students recalled key points linked to the main idea and other relevant information better when engaged with print. No differences in reading outcomes or calibration were found for newspaper or book excerpts.     

如何提高学生英语听力水平

正确的语言学习顺序应是"听、说、读、写"。可见"听"在语言学习中具有非同寻常的地位。那么如何提高英语听力水平呢?本文在全面分析了产生听力障碍的基础上,提出了提高英语听力的一些策略和方法。     

The Effects of Discipline on Deep Approaches to Student Learning and College Outcomes

“Deep learning” represents student engagement in approaches to learning that emphasize integration, synthesis, and reflection. Because learning is a shared responsibility between students and faculty, it is important to determine whether faculty members emphasize deep approaches to learning and to assess how much students employ these approaches. This study examines the effect of discipline on student use of and faculty members’ emphasis on deep approaches to learning as well as on the relationships between deep approaches to learning and selected educational outcomes. Using data from over 80,000 seniors and 10,000 faculty members we found that deep approaches to learning were more prevalent in Biglan’s soft, pure, and life fields compared to their counterparts. The differences were largest between soft and hard fields. We also found that seniors who engage more frequently in deep learning behaviors report greater educational gains, higher grades, and greater satisfaction with college, and that the strength of these relationships is relatively consistent across disciplinary categories.