Bcl-2基因家族及子宫内膜增生、癌变研究综述

目前已发现数个Bcl-2基因家族成员。主要有Bcl-2、Bax等，它们调节子宫内膜细胞的凋亡，与子宫内膜增生、癌变有密切联系。     

B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2蛋白家族与细胞凋亡

近年来 ,细胞凋亡已成为生物医学研究领域中的一个热点 ,细胞凋亡过程复杂 ,有许多因子参与其中 ,Bcl- 2蛋白家族是细胞凋亡研究中最受关注的蛋白类群 ,它是细胞凋亡信号转导的主要调节物 ,在细胞凋亡过程中发挥重要的作用。B细胞淋巴瘤 /白血病 - 2 (B -celllymphoma/leukemia- 2 ,Bcl- 2 )基因是第一个被发现的能抑制多种细胞凋亡的原癌基因 ,它是Bcl- 2蛋白家族基因的原型。Bcl- 2基因最初是从人的滤泡性B细胞淋巴瘤中分离出来的 ,通常它定位于人的第 18号染色体。Bcl - 2蛋白由 2 39个氨基酸组成 ,分子量为 2 5～2 6KD。大多数Bcl-…     

Bcl-2调控细胞周期阻滞的蛋白质组学分析及其机制研究（英文）

目的:B细胞淋巴瘤-2(Bcl-2)基因除了广为人知的抗凋亡功能之外,还具有调控细胞周期的非凋亡功能,但是机制却不清楚。作者前期研究发现Bcl-2可以通过阻滞G0/G1期进入S期的进程调控细胞周期,可能与低水平的三磷酸腺苷(ATP)和活性氧自由基(ROS)有关。因此,本研究旨在探究其潜在调控机制。创新点:基于Bcl-2通过ATP和ROS调控细胞周期的前期发现,本研究首次利用蛋白组学方法系统研究了Bcl-2调控细胞周期的潜在机制。方法:联合利用蛋白质印迹(western blotting)和蛋白质组学方法研究血清饥饿同步化处理的Bcl-2过表达和对照组细胞株,并结合蛋白组学中差异蛋白的基因本体(Gene Ontology,GO)和Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)分析,进一步明确Bcl-2调控细胞周期的潜在机制。结论:蛋白组学结果显示,在1.5倍差异下共有169个蛋白发生了上调,120个蛋白发生了下调。通过GO和KEGG分析,这些差异蛋白富集到多个通路,主要集中在呼吸链和核糖体相关信号通路。这些结果表明Bcl-2可能在翻译水平影响核糖体和氧化磷酸化进而调控细胞周期。本研究为进一步靶向Bcl-2调控细胞周期抗癌药物研究了提供重要的理论基础。     

吴茱萸碱诱导人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡

通过用MTT法测定药物对MCF-7细胞的细胞毒作用,倒置显微镜观察细胞形态,LDH法测定凋亡和坏死的比率,Western blot方法分析药物作用后对MCF-7细胞中Bcl-2家族蛋白的表达,得出了在MCF-7细胞凋亡过程中,吴茱萸碱上调Bcl-2蛋白表达,下调Bax表达的结论。     

不同强度运动对大鼠肾脏Bcl-2蛋白表达及细胞凋亡的影响

通过游泳方法建立运动模型,观察不同运动负荷状态下大鼠肾脏组织病理变化.一般负荷运动组肾小管排列略紊乱,肾小球轻度肿大,超负荷运动组肾小管排列紊乱,肾小囊变小甚至消失,而对照组无变化.应用免疫组化法检测Bcl-2蛋白在不同负荷运动组的表达情况.超负荷运动组Bcl-2蛋白的表达比一般负荷组及对照组有显著性的降低(P＜0.05),一般负荷运动组Bcl-2蛋白表达与对照组相比没有显著性差异.应用末端脱氧核苷转移酶介导的缺口标记法检测大鼠肾脏组织细胞凋亡情况.一般负荷组细胞凋亡比对照组有显著性增加(P＜0.05),超负荷组与一般负荷组相比有显著性增加(P＜0.05),细胞凋亡的可能机制是:超负荷的运动刺激导致线粒体膜受到损伤,促使其释放了促凋亡因子,诱导了细胞的凋亡.研究结果表明:过度训练对肾脏组织结构造成一定损伤,使肾脏细胞凋亡增加,这或许是过度训练导致运动疲劳的原因之一.     

骨髓间充质干细胞防治心肌细胞凋亡的Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达研究

论文通过文献资料法、逻辑分析法等对骨髓间充质干细胞作用于心肌细胞凋亡应用,以及心肌细胞凋亡与Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的关系进行研究,旨在探讨骨髓间充质干细胞调控Bcl-2、Bax基因蛋白表达的方式对心肌细胞凋亡的作用机制。研究发现,心肌细胞凋亡与Bcl-2、Bax基因蛋白的表达存在高度相关性,通过调控Bcl-2、Bax的基因表达能够在一定程度上防止心肌细胞凋亡的发生与发展,而骨髓间充质干细胞则可以通过自身诱导分化的特性有效的调控Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的表达,使损伤后的心肌功能得到改善。     

淫羊藿多糖对卵泡细胞凋亡的作用及机理研究

目的:研究淫羊藿多糖对卵泡细胞凋亡的作用及机理。方法:对4周龄健康雌性小鼠连续灌服不同剂量淫羊藿多糖7 d,并采集各组小鼠卵巢卵泡细胞,检测卵泡细胞凋亡情况,RT-PCR检测凋亡相关基因Bcl-2/Bax表达水平;同时完整分离心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏,称重并计算各组内脏指数。结果:8、6 mg组和生理盐水对照组的卵泡细胞总凋亡率分别为10.89%、8.75%和11.74%;RT-PCR技术测定Bcl-2和Bax凋亡相关基因的表达发现,抑制凋亡基因Bcl-2 mRNA的表达显著升高。结论:淫羊藿多糖可有效抑制小鼠卵巢卵泡细胞凋亡,这一作用主要与调节细胞凋亡的Bcl-2/Bax基因表达有关。     

PGC-1α在U251细胞中协同Bcl-2通过降低ROS来调控细胞周期（英文）

目的:探究过氧化物酶体增生激活受体γ协同刺激因子1α(PGC-1α)和B细胞淋巴瘤-2(Bcl-2)在调控细胞周期中的相互关系。创新点:首次证明在血清饥饿时PGC-1α负调控Bcl-2,并且认为Bcl-2可能通过招募PGC-1α降低细胞中的活性氧自由基(ROS)以调节细胞周期。方法:用蛋白质印迹法(Western blotting)检测了接触抑制和血清饥饿处理的NIH3T3过表达Bcl-2的细胞中PGC-1α的表达,并且分别检测了用Bcl-2和PGC-1α的小干扰RNA(si RNA)降低U251细胞(内源性高表达Bcl-2和PGC-1α)中的Bcl-2和PGC-1α的表达,最后用免疫共(co-IP)检测了二者的关系。结论:本实验中用两种细胞同步化的方法(接触抑制和血清饥饿)处理了Bcl-2过表达的NIH3T3细胞时发现PGC-1α高表达,用Bcl-2的si RNA处理了U251细胞时发现PGC-1α的表达降低,但是血清饥饿处理了U251后发现Bcl-2升高而PGC-1α降低,而且PGC-1α被si RNA降低后Bcl-2反而上升,最后用Bcl-2抗体免疫共沉淀了PGC-1α蛋白,这些结果说明在血清饥饿时PGC-1α负调控Bcl-2行使调节细胞周期的功能。     

紫草素及其衍生物抗肿瘤作用研究综述

紫草素及其衍生物是中药紫草的有效化学成份，文章对紫草素抗肿瘤作用及其机制的研究作一综述。紫草素能抑制多种肿瘤细胞生长增殖，致肿瘤细胞凋亡，其作用机制包括：调节MAPK信号通路、引起Bcl-2蛋白家族表达变化从而促进细胞色素c的释放、激活Caspase蛋白酶家族启动凋亡、致肿瘤细胞周期阻滞、影响死亡受体家族及其相关蛋白活性等方面。动物实验和临床观察表明：紫草素具有较强的抑癌作用，对正常细胞毒副作用小。     

miRNA介导沉默Oct4基因对肿瘤细胞SCF/c-kit、IL-6/IL-6st信号传导及凋亡的影响

为了证明Oct4和SCF/c-kit、IL-6/IL-6st信号传导途径为干细胞增殖分裂重要调控因子,与肿瘤细胞的无限增殖有关。本研究通过沉默Oct4基因的方法拟探讨肿瘤细胞中Oct4基因和SCF/c-kit、IL-6/IL-6st信号传导以及细胞凋亡之间的关系,用Oct4 miRNA质粒载体沉默人宫颈癌HeLa细胞中的Oct4基因,用RT-PCR及免疫荧光标记法检测沉默Oct4基因对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞SCF/c-kit、IL-6/IL-6st和Bcl-2/Bax基因表达的影响。研究结果表明:人宫颈癌HeLa细胞高表达Oct4、SCF、c-kit、IL-6st基因和细胞凋亡相关基因Bcl-2、Bax。沉默Oct4基因使人宫颈癌HeLa细胞Oct4、SCF、c-kit、IL-6st和Bcl-2、Bax基因表达明显受到抑制,并促进了细胞凋亡,但对IL-6基因表达影响不大。证实了肿瘤细胞的无限增殖和Oct4对SCF/c-kit、IL-6/IL-6st信号传导以及Bcl-2基因表达调控有关。而且,肿瘤细胞在Oct4调控下高表达IL-6st以增加对IL-6的敏感性,导致肿瘤细胞在高水平IL-6环境中进一步恶化。     

DNA-damage response network at the crossroads of cell-cycle checkpoints,cellular senescence and apoptosis

Tissue homeostasis requires a carefully-orchestrated balance between cell proliferation, cellular senescence and cell death. Cells proliferate through a cell cycle that is tightly regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase activities. Cellular senescence is a safeguard program limiting the proliferative competence of cells in living organisms. Apoptosis eliminates unwanted cells by the coordinated activity of gene products that regulate and effect cell death. The intimate link between the cell cycle, cellular senescence, apoptosis regulation, cancer development and tumor responses to cancer treatment has become eminently apparent. Extensive research on tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, the cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory genes has revealed how the DNA damage-sensing and -signaling pathways, referred to as the DNA-damage response network, are tied to cell proliferation, cell-cycle arrest, cellular senescence and apoptosis. DNA-damage responses are complex, involving ＂sensor＂ proteins that sense the damage, and transmit signals to ＂transducer＂ proteins, which, in turn, convey the signals to numerous ＂effector＂ proteins implicated in specific cellular pathways, including DNA repair mechanisms, cell-cycle checkpoints, cellular senescence and apoptosis. The Bcl-2 family of proteins stands among ＂the mos＂t crucial regula＂tors of apop＂tosis and performs vi＂tal func＂tions in deciding whether a cell will live or die after cancer chemotherapy and irradiation. In addition, several studies have now revealed that members of the Bcl-2 family also interface with the cell cycle, DNA repair/recombination and cellular senescence, effects that are generally distinct from their function in apoptosis. In this review, we report progress in understanding the molecular networks that regulate cell-cycle checkpoints, cellular senescence and apoptosis after DNA damage, and discuss the influence of some Bcl-2 family members on cell-cycle checkpoint regulation.     

PGC-1α coordinates with Bcl-2 to control the cell cycle in U251 cells through reducing ROS

B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) has a dual function, acting as both an oncogene and an anti-tumor gene. It is well known that Bcl-2 exerts its tumor promoting function through the mitochondrial pathway. However, the mechanism by which it suppresses tumor formation is not well understood. We have previously shown that Bcl-2 inhibits cell cycle progression from the G₀/G₁ to the S phase after serum starvation, and that quiescent Bcl-2 expressing cells maintain a significantly lower level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) than control cells. Based on the fact that ROS mediate cell cycle progression and are controlled by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α), a key molecule induced by prolonged starvation and involved in mitochondrial metabolism, we hypothesized that PGC-1α might be related to the cell cycle function of Bcl-2. In this paper, we show that PGC-1α is upregulated by Bcl-2 overexpression and downregulated following Bcl-2 knockdown or downregulation after serum starvation. However, Bcl-2 is negatively regulated by PGC-1α expression. Further, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) experiments showed that PGC-1α protein is co-precipitated with Bcl-2 at the G₀/G₁ phase. Taken together, our results suggest that PGC-1α interacts with Bcl-2 after serum depletion, and that Bcl-2 might recruit PGC-1α to reduce ROS, which in turn delays cell cycle progression in coordination with Bcl-2.     

哺乳动物细胞线粒体基因组的转录及调控机制研究进展

目的：系统的归纳和总结近年来哺乳动物线粒体基因组转录及调控机制研究的进展,以期为哺乳动物和人类线粒体疾病及相关医学领域的研究提供参考依据。方法：从哺乳动物线粒体DNA（mtDNA）的结构和转录过程,转录基本元件和转录机制等方面,检索和整理近年来关于哺乳动物细胞线粒体基因组的转录及调控机制的文献并进行总结。结果：线粒体是哺乳动物细胞中普遍存在的具有独立基因组的半自主性细胞器,其主要功能是通过氧化磷酸化为细胞提供ATP,同时对于物质代谢、细胞周期调控、细胞分化和凋亡、细胞信号传递等生理过程发挥着重要作用。近年来对线粒体基因组的转录及其调控机制的研究已取得了一些突破和成果。结论：哺乳动物线粒体基因组的转录与调控机制的研究不仅有助于深入阐明和理解线粒体基因组的表达调控机制,而且也助于揭示临床线粒体病的发病机制。     

Green tea polyphenols induce cell death in breast cancer MCF-7 cells through induction of cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis

In order to study the molecular mechanisms of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) in treatment or prevention of breast cancer, the cytotoxic effects of GTPs on five human cell lines (MCF-7, A549, Hela, PC3, and HepG2 cells) were determined and the antitumor mechanisms of GTPs in MCF-7 cells were analyzed. The results showed that GTPs exhibited a broad spectrum of inhibition against the detected cancer cell lines, particularly the MCF-7 cells. Studies on the mechanisms revealed that the main modes of cell death induced by GTPs were cell cycle arrest and mitochondrialmediated apoptosis. Flow cytometric analysis showed that GTPs mediated cell cycle arrest at both G1/M and G2/M transitions. GTP dose dependently led to apoptosis of MCF-7 cells via the mitochondrial pathways, as evidenced by induction of chromatin condensation, reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), improvement in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induction of DNA fragmentation, and activations of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in the present paper.     

银杏叶总黄酮对人肝癌HepG2细胞凋亡的影响及其机制研究

目的探讨银杏叶总黄酮对体外培养的人肝癌HepG2细胞凋亡的促进作用及其分子机理。方法采用TUNEL法检测银杏叶总黄酮对HepG2细胞凋亡的影响,提取Bcl-2基因的mRNA,以RT-PCR法研究银杏叶总黄酮对Bcl-2基因表达的影响。结果银杏叶总黄酮使人HepG2细胞凋亡指数增加（P〈0．01）,且呈剂量依赖效应;Bcl-2基因mRNA水平随银杏叶总黄酮浓度升高而降低。结论银杏叶总黄酮可促进人HepG2细胞的凋亡过程,并使Bcl-2基因mRNA水平降低,从而起到抗肿瘤的治疗作用。     

Berbamine induces apoptosis in human hepatoma cell line SMMC7721 by loss in mitochondrial transmembrane potential and caspase activation

Objective： To investigate the effect ofberbamine on human hepatoma cell line SMMC7721. Methods： The effects of 24 h and 48 h incubation with different concentrations （0-64 μg/ml） of the berbamine on SMMC7721 cells were evaluated using 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay. Hoechst 33258 staining was conducted to distinguish the apoptotic cell, and the appearance of sub-G1 stage was determined by PI （propidium iodide） staining, the percentage of apoptotic cell was determined by flow cytometry following annexin V/PI staining. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the cell cycle distribution and the mitochondrial membrane potential （△ψm）, the expression of activated caspase3 and caspase9 was analyzed by Western-blot. Results： The proliferation of SMMC7721 was decreased after treatment with berbamine in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Berbamine could induce apoptosis in SMMC7721 cells and could cause cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase, to induce loss of mitochondrial membrane potential （AVm） and activate caspase3 and caspase9. Berbamine-induced apoptosis could be blocked by the broad caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. Conclusion： Berbamine exerts antiproliferative effects on human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC7721 cells. The anticancer activity of berbamine could be attributed partly to its inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells through loss in mitochondrial transmembrane potential and caspase activation.     

Heat shock protein 90 protects rat mesenchymal stem cells against hypoxia and serum deprivation-induced apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways

Mesenchymal stem cell(MSC)transplantation has shown a therapeutic potential to repair the ischemic and infracted myocardium,but the effects are limited by the apoptosis and loss of donor cells in host cardiac microenvironment.The aim of this study is to explore the cytoprotection of heat shock protein 90(Hsp90)against hypoxia and serum deprivation-induced apoptosis and the possible mechanisms in rat MSCs.Cell viability was determined by3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay.Apoptosis was assessed by Hoechst 33258nuclear staining and flow cytometric analysis with annexin V/PI staining.The gene expression of Toll-like receptor-4(TLR-4)and V-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2(ErbB2)was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The protein levels of cleaved caspase-3,Bcl-2,Bcl-xL,Bax,total-ERK,phospho-ERK,totaI-Akt,phospho-Akt,and Hsp90 were detected by Western blot.The production of nitric oxide was measured by spectrophotometric assay.Hsp90 improves MSC viability and protects MSCs against apoptosis induced by serum deprivation and hypoxia.The protective role of Hsp90 not only elevates Bcl-2/Bax and Bcl-xL/Bax expression and attenuates cleaved caspase-3 expression via down-regulating membrane TLR-4 and ErbB2 receptors and then activating their downstream PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways,but also enhances the paracrine effect of MSCs.These findings demonstrated a novel and effective treatment strategy against MSC apoptosis in cell transplantation.