Unreal Friends

It has become quite common for people to develop `personal' relationships nowadays, exclusively via extensive correspondence across the Net. Friendships, even romantic love relationships, are apparently, flourishing. But what kind of relations really are possible in this way? In this paper, we focus on the case of close friendship. There are various important markers that identify a relationship as one of close friendship. One will have, for instance, strong affection for the other, a disposition to act for their well-being and a desire for shared experiences. Now obviously, while all these features of friendship can gain some expression through extensive correspondence on the Net, such expression is necessarily limited –you cannot, e.g., physically embrace the other, or go on a picnic together. The issue we want to address here however, is whether there might be distinctive and important influences on the structure of interaction undertaken on the Net, that affect the kind of identity ``Net-friends'' can develop in relation to one another. In the normal case, one develops a close friendship, and in doing so, one's identity, in part, is shaped by the friendship. To some extent, through extensive shared experience, one comes to see aspects of the world (and of oneself) through the eyes of one's friend and so, in part, one's identity develops in an importantly relational way, i.e., as the product of one's relation with the close friend. In our view, however, on account of the limits of, and/or the kind of, shared contact and experience one can have with another via correspondence on the Net, there are significant structural barriers to developing the sort of relational identity that is a feature of close friendship. In arguing our case here, and by using the case of Net ``friendship'' as our foil, we aim to shed light on the nature and importance of certain sorts of self-expression and relational interaction found in close friendship.     

The Quality of Online and Offline Relationships: The Role of Multiplexity and Duration of Social Relationships

Recent studies have shown that adolescents use the Internet not only to maintain social relationships with distant relatives and friends but also to create new relationships online; some of these friendships become integrated into their social circle. Research has focused mainly on the effect of the Internet on existing relationships or the nature of online-only ties, so studies comparing the quality of online and face-to-face relationships are missing. The goal of this study is to bridge this gap. In keeping with previous studies on social association, we argue that the quality of social relationships is dependent on duration and diversity of topics and activities carried together. Time is important, as it facilitates the development of a collective shared history and identity. Intimacy develops through the participation in shared activities and discussion of diverse issues of personal concern. Using a representative sample of the adolescent population in Israel, we find that closeness to a friend is a function of social similarity, content and activity multiplexity, and duration of the relationships. Friendships originated in the Internet are perceived as less close and supportive because they are relatively new and online friends are involved in less joint activities and less topics of discussion. The implications of the findings are discussed.     

在线社交网络中好友亲密度判定方法研究

与现实生活中的朋友关系不同,多数的在线社交网络系统为每个人只设定一个简单的二元好友联系,即要么是朋友,要么不是。这种好友关系的定义为个人隐私信息的保护带来了许多问题。分析了一种基于当前社交网络平台的互动信息自动判定好友亲密度方法,并结合该方法提出了一种半自动的隐私控制框架。     

The Quality of Online and Offline Relationships: The Role of Multiplexity and Duration of Social Relationships

Recent studies have shown that adolescents use the Internet not only to maintain social relationships with distant relatives and friends but also to create new relationships online; some of these friendships become integrated into their social circle. Research has focused mainly on the effect of the Internet on existing relationships or the nature of online-only ties, so studies comparing the quality of online and face-to-face relationships are missing. The goal of this study is to bridge this gap. In keeping with previous studies on social association, we argue that the quality of social relationships is dependent on duration and diversity of topics and activities carried together. Time is important, as it facilitates the development of a collective shared history and identity. Intimacy develops through the participation in shared activities and discussion of diverse issues of personal concern. Using a representative sample of the adolescent population in Israel, we find that closeness to a friend is a function of social similarity, content and activity multiplexity, and duration of the relationships. Friendships originated in the Internet are perceived as less close and supportive because they are relatively new and online friends are involved in less joint activities and less topics of discussion. The implications of the findings are discussed.     

The obstacles against reaching the highest level of Aristotelian friendship online

The ubiquity of online social networks has led to the phenomena of having friends that are known only through online interaction. In many cases, no physical interaction has taken place, but still people consider each other friends. This paper analyzes whether these friendships would satisfy the conditions of Aristotle??s highest level of friendship?Cwhat he calls perfect friendship. Since perfect friendship manifests through a shared love of virtue, physical proximity would seem to be unnecessary at first glance. However, I argue that the nature of online interaction may preclude us from fully recognizing the virtues and vices in others to the degree necessary for perfect friendship to occur. As such, online friendships face significant obstacles against moving beyond utility or pleasure, and this has important repercussions for online interaction more generally.     

Inter-organizational relationships and knowledge sharing through the relationship and institutional orientations in supply chains

Sharing knowledge in inter-organizational relationships is one way to enhance strategic competitiveness. It is generally agreed that the development of close relationships facilitates such sharing among partners. This paper presents a research model comprises five research hypotheses with four constructs, including relationship orientation, institutional orientation, relational risk and knowledge sharing. This study develops a conceptual model that relational risk as a mediating construct to examine the inter-relationship effects that affect knowledge sharing and these relationships. We analyze data collected from 312 of the top 1000 Taiwanese manufacturing firms in 2011 listed in Business Weekly. The results of the empirical study suggest that the role played by relationship orientation and institutional orientation is critical in ensuring the inter-organizational knowledge sharing as it mitigates the relational risk in the process. The findings of the study provide practical insights into how supply chain members should reinforce their relational and institutional view of relational governance and manage relational risks so as to improve their collaborative behaviors and in turn achieve the competitive advantage of knowledge sharing for the supply chain as a whole.     

Real character-friends: Aristotelian friendship, living together, and technology

Aristotle??s account of friendship has largely withstood the test of time. Yet there are overlooked elements of his account that, when challenged by apparent threats of current and emerging communication technologies, reveal his account to be remarkably prescient. I evaluate the danger that technological advances in communication pose to the future of friendship by examining and defending Aristotle??s claim that perfect or character-friends must live together. I concede that technologically-mediated communication can aid existing character-friendships, but I argue that character-friendships cannot be created and sustained entirely through technological meditation. I examine text-based technologies, such as Facebook and email, and engage a non-text based technology that poses the greatest threat to my thesis??Skype. I then address philosophical literature on friendship and technology that has emerged in the last decade in Ethics and Information Technology to elucidate and defend my account by contrast. I engage Cocking and Matthews (2000), who argue that friendship cannot be created and sustained entirely through text-based contact, Briggle (2008), who argues that friendship can be created and sustained entirely through text-based contact, and Munn (2012), who argues that friendship cannot be created and entirely sustained through text-based contact but can be created and sustained entirely in immersive virtual worlds. My account discusses a certain kind of friendship, character-friendship, and a certain kind of technology, Skype, that these accounts do not. Examination of these essays helps to demonstrate that character friendship cannot be sustained entirely by technologically-aided communication and that character-friends must live together.     

Flourishing on facebook: virtue friendship & new social media

The widespread and growing use of new social media, especially social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter, invites sustained ethical reflection on emerging forms of online friendship. Social scientists and psychologists are gathering a wealth of empirical data on these trends, yet philosophical analysis of their ethical implications remains comparatively impoverished. In particular, there have been few attempts to explore how traditional ethical theories might be brought to bear upon these developments, or what insights they might offer, if any. In attempting to address this lacuna in applied ethical research, this paper investigates the ethical significance of online friendship by means of an Aristotelian theory of the good life, which holds that human flourishing is chiefly realized through ??complete?? friendships of virtue. Here, four key dimensions of ??virtue friendship?? are examined in relation to online social media: reciprocity, empathy, self-knowledge and the shared life. Online social media support and strengthen friendship in ways that mirror these four dimensions, particularly when used to supplement rather than substitute for face-to-face interactions. However, deeper reflection on the meaning of the shared life (suzên) for Aristotle raises important and troubling questions about the capacity of online social media to support complete friendships of virtue in the contemporary world, along with significant concerns about the enduring relevance of this Aristotelian ideal for the good life in the 21st century.     

组织认同的形成：朋友网络的影响

按照组织认同信息论的观点,员工组织认同主要通过沟通来实现.应用社会网络分析的观点,采用个体网问卷调查的方式,考察了组织中朋友网络结构(规模、强度、范围、地位)对于组织认同的影响.研究发现:①朋友在组织中分布的部门越广泛,或者处在越高的管理层级,那么个体的组织认同感就越强;②时于和朋友沟通频繁的个体来说,朋友网络地位和文化认同的正相关关系会显著增强.     

身份认证技术在网络会计中的应用

制约网络会计发展的主要问题是会计信息的安全性、真实性和完整性,解决这些问题的有效手段就是使用身份认证技术。单一的身份认证技术不能满足网络会计的发展需求,多种安全产品的融合、协同、集中管理是网络会计信息安全的发展方向。     

语出胸臆 感人至深——赏读高适《别董大》之一

高适的《别董大》其一,一反唐人赠别诗的凄清缠绵、低回流连,表现了送别时的昂扬悲壮,以真挚的感情、豁达的胸襟、豪迈的气势、精警的语言,对友人于宽慰中满含鼓舞激励,是一首脍炙人口、品格极高的友情诗。     

Social capital as a driver of local knowledge exchange: a social network analysis

The objective of this paper is to take an in-depth look, from a network perspective, at the role that social capital plays in improving knowledge exchange between organizations. To do this, we consider the three dimensions of social capital: the structural dimension, as measured by the position of firms bridging structural holes; the relational dimension, as gauged by the level of trust and friendship in each relationship; and the cognitive dimension, as estimated by the presence of a shared culture. We also evaluate the level of organizational and human capital present in terms of the firms in the network. Empirical evidence has been gathered from the Madrid Science Park in Spain by applying the social network analysis methodology. The results show that the three dimensions of social capital play a significant role in increasing knowledge exchange in this network, while human and organizational capital differences are only significant for a sub-sample.     

知识产权保护与城市创新能力现状分析——成都市保护知识产权现状及分析

成都市作为全国首批3个国家级知识产权示范创建城市之一,积极加强知识产权管理机构建设,完善各项政策,加大奖励力度,强化全社会知识产权保护意识,建立知识产权基层工作站,构建知识产权服务平台或创新平台,加大知识产权行政执法力度。通过以上措施,成都市知识产权申请量和拥有量持续快速增长,自主创新能力不断提升。但如何切实提高知识产权创造、管理、实施和保护水平,优化成都市创业环境,提升成都市创新能力和整体形象,仍是摆在我们面前的一个重要课题。     

社会资本对微信群用户知识共享意愿的影响

微信群已经成为人们移动在线社交最活跃的社区,从社会资本角度研究用户在 不同微信群的知识共享意愿是值得深入探讨且具有广泛影响的重要问题。本文基于社会资本 理论,将微信群分为粘结型群、维持型群和桥接型群三类,探究结构、关系和认知三个维度 的社会资本对用户在三种类型微信群知识共享意愿的影响及其差异。使用 WarpPLS 对问卷 调查获得的 244 份有效样本进行模型验证。研究结果显示在结构维度方面,网络连通性只对 用户在桥接型群的知识共享意愿有正向影响,网络亲密性只对维持型群和桥接型群的知识共 享意愿有正向影响;在关系维度方面,认同对用户在三类微信群的知识共享意愿均有正向影 响,而信任和互惠只对桥接型群的知识共享意愿有正向影响;在认知维度方面,共同语言对 用户在三类微信群的知识共享意愿均有正向影响,共同愿景只对维持型群的知识共享意愿有 正向影响。本研究对个人或组织认识人们在代表不同人际圈子的微信群中的知识共享规律, 从而高效地获取知识和创新管理具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

The Meaning of the Web

Speculation about the meaning of the Net (the Internet and potentially associated networks) and its most rapidly developing dimension, the Web (the World Wide Web), are both symptoms and components of a broader reshaping of world politics, economy, and culture. These changes challenge many of the categories within which we have grown used to thinking about the shape and meaning of society and its future. For individuals and local communities, the promises, hopes, and fears associated with the growth of the Web have particular poignancy as they face the challenge of establishing and asserting their identity in a ever more complicated and interdependent world and, through that, finding a strategy for achieving the sort of future they would like to live. The Net and the Web are technologies that promise us access to the world, but they and their associated social and economic trends challenge many of the premises upon which our identity is forged. The Net facilitates the development of new forms of transnational community organization, opening up the promise of more effective ways of acting as citizens across the broader social terrains in which it must be expressed. This article reconsiders the traditional theoretical tools that we have available to understand these issues. It addresses some of the central difficulties and possibilities available to us in rethinking identity, exploring the new promising cultural potential of the Web and Net in a more integrated and simultaneously fragmenting world.     

对象关系数据仓库中的元数据管理

随着数据仓库(DW)和在线分析(OLAP)技术的发展,关系数据库的局限性越来越突出。而另一方面,对象关系数据库日益发展,促成了对象关系数据仓库的产生。本文主要介绍了建立在对象关系数据库基础上的数据仓库系统的元数据,并给出了一种新的元数据,用来实现从面向对象环境到关系环境的映射。     

犯罪的羔羊--论《追风筝的人》中的阿米尔

《追风筝的人》中的阿米尔对忠诚的朋友哈桑犯下了可怕的罪行,然而他本身亦是狭隘的民族宗教观和父亲罪恶的替罪羊。碍于主流社会对哈拉扎人的偏见,阿米尔违背自己的本性嘲讽、诋毁哈桑,由于父亲的忽视阿米尔牺牲了友情来成全父亲对自己的认可,外界力量粗暴地撕扯着阿米尔的内心,给他敏感纤细的灵魂背上了沉重的枷锁。     

关系导向对直接销售影响的实验研究

运用实验法,考察了直销人员与消费者的关系导向(朋友vs.陌生人)、产品的价格以及直销员价格揭露策略对直销产品的吸引力、态度和购买意愿的影响。发现在朋友关系导向下消费者认为直销产品更有吸引力,有更积极态度和更高购买意愿;特别有趣的是当直销人员与消费者是朋友关系时,如果直销人员好心有意主动揭露产品价格低廉的信息(相比较于消费者自己发现),消费者对产品吸引力、产品态度和购买意愿反而降低。     

随机Petri网应用于马尔可夫预测模型

随机Ｐｅｔｒｉ网和马尔可夫链有着内在的联系,用它来对状态整体的变化规律不十分明确但状态分量的变化规律明确的一类问题建模,为马尔可夫预测模型的应用提供了方便。     

论有中国特色的对外投资之路

在经历了近30年的经济高速发展和引进外资后,中国现在也开始了大规模的对外直接投资,这一经历与日本20世纪80年代的情况极其相似。通过对中日两国对外直接投资相似性、本质区别的比较分析,提出了有中国特色的对外直接投资新思路。