同伴支持:学校欺负干预的新视角

随着对欺负研究的深入,研究者逐渐认识到同伴在欺负发生和欺负干预中的重要性。作为学校欺负干预的新视角,同伴支持———充分发挥同伴的作用,借助于同伴的力量来提高学生应对欺负问题的能力越来越受到重视。简要介绍欺负干预中同伴支持的内涵、方式、特征和作用等基本内容。     

中小学生受欺负与其社会行为、同伴关系之间的关系

利用张文新修订的Olweus欺负问卷、陈欣银等人修订的儿童社会行为量表、社会提名法等对827名中小学生进行测查,考察中小学生受欺负的状况,及与其行为表现、同伴关系之间关系.结果发现:(1)总体而言,中小学生受欺负的发生率比较高,且相当稳定;(2)中小学生受欺负与同伴接纳显著负相关,与同伴拒绝显著正相关,即儿童受欺负频次越高,其同伴接纳越少,同伴拒绝越多;(3)在中小学中,儿童的社会行为在儿童受欺负对同伴关系的影响中起部分中介作用.受欺负频次通过社会行为中的攻击行为和羞怯-退缩行为间接地影响同伴关系.     

同伴关系在中小学欺负问题与自尊及心理健康间的中介效应

利用张文新修订的Olweus欺负问卷、简版的Coopersmith自尊问卷,以及焦虑量表、孤独感量表、压抑量表对827名中小学生进行测查,考察中小学生欺负/受欺负的状况,及与其同伴关系、自尊、心理健康之间的关系。结果发现:(1)总体而言,中小学欺负的发生率比较高,且相当稳定;(2)卷入欺负的儿童,无论是欺负者、受欺负者还是欺负/受欺负者都比一般儿童存在更多的心理精神症状。(3)在中小学中,同伴关系在儿童欺负问题对其自尊和心理健康的影响中起部分中介作用。儿童受欺负通过同伴接纳和同伴拒绝间接地影响儿童的自尊和心理健康。     

学校欺负及其社会生态分析

学校欺负是一种较为常见的学校暴力形式且具有跨文化的普遍性。首先简要介绍了我国中小学欺负问题的基本特点。然后从社会生态学的视角阐述欺负者与受欺负者的个体特点,欺负／受欺负与儿童的同伴群体、家庭和学校等社会生态系统的联系,指出今后学校欺负问题的研究应立足于儿童青少年生活于其中的社会生态系统,在理论构想与研究设计上要充分考虑个体与其社会生态系统之间的相互作用和联系。     

同伴关系与学业投入的研究综述

梳理有关学生同伴关系与学业投入之间关系的研究文献,概述同伴友谊、同伴接纳或拒绝、同伴欺负这三种类型的同伴关系对学业投入的影响研究情况,指出未来需要深入探讨的研究内容,并建议教育实践中应重视青少年的同伴关系及交往能力的培养。     

欺负发生的学校背景

欺负与学校背景密切相关。根据人类发展生态学模型和社会学中的“结构观”对欺负发生的学校背景进行理论分析,着重探讨管理氛围、师生关系、父母参与及学校联结感等因素对欺负的影响。     

关注学校中的欺负问题

在综合国外学校欺负问题研究文献及我们自己研究成果基础上,概述学校欺负的性质与危害、我国中小学中欺负的普遍性与基本特点及学校欺负干预等问题。     

儿童同伴关系与社会技能训练

同伴关系是仅次于亲子关系的重要关系,同伴关系不良会对儿童发展产生很大的不利影响。因此,对儿童进行社会技能训练是非常必要的。     

同伴群体构成对儿童发展的影响及启示

同伴群体是儿童发展的重要情境。学校中的同伴群体构成及其对于儿童发展的影响,长期以来是教育学、社会学、经济学和心理学共同探讨的一个研究主题。从20世纪60年代起,研究者最初着眼于学校的同伴群体构成对儿童学业成就的影响,后逐渐扩展到儿童社会性发展领域。研究发现,同伴群体构成有多种指标,同伴群体的社会经济地位、种群构成、学习能力,以及同伴群体在某些情绪行为上的特征都会影响儿童个体的发展,不同同伴群体构成指标在影响儿童发展的方向、大小上存在差异,同时又受到儿童自身背景特征(种族、家庭背景、学业能力水平等)的调节而产生多样化的结果,反映出同伴群体构成本身的多样性和其效应的多元性和复杂性,也揭示了深入研究的必要性和前景。对于这种影响的内在机理,研究者从家庭背景与资源、学校环境与条件、教师观念与行为、同伴互动与文化等多个视角入手,提出了理论解释,但理论导向的实证研究仍很不足。在未来研究中,建议加强对多元环境中调节因素的综合考察、加强追踪研究、深入开展内部机制研究;同时加强我国关于同伴群体构成的本土化研究,弥补当前研究的空缺,回应我国学生群体构成复杂多样的现实,为优化学校生源配置和环境创设提供科学借鉴。     

城市流动幼儿同伴关系不良的原因与对策

同伴关系在儿童社会化发展中有着重要作用,良好的同伴关系是判断儿童心理健康的重要指标.受生活环境的局限,城市流动幼儿大多存在同伴关系不良的严重问题.政府、流动家庭、幼儿园与社区都应积极主动地关爱流动幼儿,为其良好同伴关系的建立与身心的健康发展创设有利条件.     

Peer Support: A Strategy to Help Bystanders Challenge School Bullying

In this article, the authors first discuss the nature of peer support and some of the ways in which it has evolved over time, particularly in the UK. Under the umbrella of peer support they include activities such as befriending, peer counselling, conflict resolution or mediation and intervening in bullying situations. Secondly, they describe research studies of peer support and discuss their relevance to bystander behaviour. Thirdly, they draw some conclusions that relate to the wider context of the developing role of peer support in schools today. These include the benefits to peer supporters and the key processes of flexible monitoring and clear observation of the needs of the potential users.     

Peer Support: A Strategy to Help Bystanders Challenge School Bullying

In this article, the authors first discuss the nature of peer support and some of the ways in which it has evolved over time, particularly in the UK. Under the umbrella of peer support they include activities such as befriending, peer counselling, conflict resolution or mediation and intervening in bullying situations. Secondly, they describe research studies of peer support and discuss their relevance to bystander behaviour. Thirdly, they draw some conclusions that relate to the wider context of the developing role of peer support in schools today. These include the benefits to peer supporters and the key processes of flexible monitoring and clear observation of the needs of the potential users.     

学校欺凌行为类型化分析及对策研究

根据欺凌主体的身份地位可将学校欺凌分为师生欺凌和同辈欺凌两种类型。催生师生欺凌和同辈欺凌的学校因素主要是占有式的师生关系、权力导向型的同辈文化和模糊不清的教师惩戒权。从根源上防治师生欺凌和同辈欺凌,可以从构建"学习共同体"为目标的师生关系、培育以"交往理性"为导向的同辈文化、赋予学校法定的教育惩戒权、逐步探索学校欺凌防治新模式四个方面努力。     

A Peer Counselling Service in a Secondary School to Combat Bullying: Issues in Planning and Ongoing Management

Peer counselling schemes have been developed in some secondary schools to combat bullying. Research supports the need for bullied victims to speak with their peers. Such schemes need regular monitoring and modification to suit the school's particular pastoral needs. This paper explores the management issues surrounding the provision of peer counselling in one service, managed by a school counsellor. The service is outlined to show that appointment setting requires careful planning and ongoing management. This paper discusses four central issues, which are the role of a peer counselling service; the selected model; the most suitable room location; and the most appropriate time for counselling to take place in secondary school.     

法国校园欺凌的治理

校园欺凌在不同国家或文化中的定义可能存在差异,其治理对策也不尽相同。法国将校园欺凌定义为"校园骚扰",此现象以不同的形式存在于法国基础教育学校之中,其长期性、隐蔽性、社会性也是法国校园欺凌治理所面临的主要挑战。2011年以来,法国政府充分利用线上及线下调查工具,将校园欺凌纳入全国校园暴力的调查内容。2013年以来,法国政府出台一系列举措应对校园欺凌,其治理体现出循证决策、依法治理、齐抓共管的特点。     

Promoting a Culture of Bullying: Understanding the Role of School Climate and School Sector

Bullying has received increased attention from academics, scholars, and the media over the past decade and a half. The effects of bullying can be devastating and long lasting for victims and bullies alike. Recent prevention efforts and research has focused on the school environment as a whole. As such, two areas of interest that could affect bullying are the roles of school climate and school sector. School sector is important to examine as private schools make up 25% of all schools in the United States and approximately 80% of private school students attended faith-based institutions (Broughman &; Swaim, 2013 Broughman, S. P., &; Swaim, N. L. (2013). Characteristics of private schools in the United States: Results from the 2011-12 private school universe survey (NCES 2013-316). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics. [Google Scholar]). This study utilized the School Crime Supplement to understand how school climate and school sector affect students’ experiences of bullying victimization. Using chi square analysis, propensity score analysis, and multiple regression models (of the total sample, public school sample, and private school sample), as well as Z-score coefficients, findings suggest that a positive school climate predicted less reporting of bullying incidents and that private school students in particular reported a more positive school climate and less bullying.     

School violence roles and sociometric status among Spanish students

This study examines the relation between the social adjustment in the classroom and the role of aggressor or victim, in school violence situations. Participants were 1,635 students （aged 14-18 years old）, from a representative sample, with different levels （compulsory secondary education, specific/initial training courses and vocational programs）. Students filled out a questionnaire that included measures of types of violence （exclusion, verbal violence, physical violence）, from the point of view of the three roles that are implicated （aggressors, victims and observants）, and a sociometric questionnaire. The variables measured were： frequency of school violence （exclusion, psychological violence and physical violence） and the peer status （rejected, controversial, neglected, average or popular）. The statistic analyses used were χ^2- and F- tests. From the results we can point out the importance of these variables in the school violence situations. The implications of these findings and the relevance for preventive programs are discussed.     

Counseling and Climate Change as Treatment Modalities for Bullying in School

Individual, group, and family counseling are invariably included in bullying prevention programs and strategies. Nevertheless, if bullying is treated exclusively as a problem between bullies and victims or as a family problem, counseling efforts will have limited impact. Counseling strategies must be articulated within a systemic approach to bullying in schools. In particular, the roles that students and adults play in actively or passively reinforcing bullying behavior must be addressed through school-wide and family efforts to change the norms and climate with respect to bullying. The pertinent literature is reviewed and steps to implement a systemic prevention strategy are outlined.     

美国尊重步骤项目对我国欺凌防治实践的启示

校园欺凌防治已成为我国学校教育实践中亟需解决的重要课题.美国儿童委员会研发了旨在预防干预校园欺凌问题的尊重步骤项目,尊重步骤项目以社会生态模型为基础,整合了社会情感学习框架,设计了包含学校、班级和个人层面的预防干预措施.研究表明该项目对欺凌、受欺凌的减少及相关态度和信念的改善等均具有良好效果.本文将介绍尊重步骤项目的设...