法英美三国博物馆发展模式考察

博物馆发展模式是博物馆在发展过程中主体进行选择的结果。法英美三国由于历史文化背景、经济发展水平、政治制度和文化发展状况的不同,分别形成直接管理、间接管理、民间自治的发展模式。博物馆由直接管理到间接管理再到民间自治的发展趋势,代表着未来世界博物馆公共文化服务发展的潮流。     

早期教育现代化的选择与失落:一个比较视角

中日两国在早期教育现代化的选择和发展上存在着相似性和差异性。中日两国都主张向西方学习军事、科技及兴办近代教育,但在发展历程上存在的时间差异,以及在对待西方科学和技术、西方文化等问题的思想与态度的不同选择,导致了不同的结果。     

Higher education in Japan: A view from outside

Higher education in Japan is often characterized in comparativestudies as considerably expanded, highly stratified, overshadowed bycompetition for admission, not very demanding for the masses ofundergraduate students, important in awarding credentials, but without closelinks between the subjects of study and subsequent professional tasks. Thesecharacteristics have been pointed out so frequently in the past that thequestion has to be raised whether this picture is too old-fashioned and toomuch of a stereotype. This article echoes the previous articles of thisspecial issue. The themes addressed by Japanese authors are partlysummarized, partly supplemented and partly challenged by a foreign observer.Developments and notably changes in the early 1990s are analyzed in respectto the quantitative-structural pattern of the Japanese higher educationssystem; governance and financing; access and admissions; learning, teachingand research; links between educational attainment, credentials and career;curricula, competences and graduate employment, and finally graduateeducation. The author draws the conclusion that efforts directed towardsreforming higher education have been spread over many issues, among themmany academic issues such as new curricular approaches, rather thanfocussing on single major issues such as steering, governance and evaluationas one could observe in Europe during the last ten years or so. Changingsocietal conditions, for example growing employment problems, the increaseof specialists' career and internationalization currently stimulate areconsideration of higher education policies in various respects.     

Differential social and political influences on girls and boys through education out of doors in the United Kingdom

The way the outdoors was used for educational purposes was determined by the need for young men to be made fit for war and service in the British Empire, the need to improve the physical health of children from industrial conurbations and the preoccupation of those in authority with the notion of adolescence as a problem, especially the anticipated fear of juvenile delinquency. In the 1950s and early 1960s, when there was a significant increase in the use of the outdoors in education, much of the provision reflected the earlier emphasis on character training and “manly” virtues. The suggestion is made that this was due, in part at least, to the role played by a number of charismatic and influential figures and to continued sensitivity to social, political and military factors.     

Differential social and political influences on girls and boys through education out of doors in the United Kingdom

Abstract

The way the outdoors was used for educational purposes was determined by the need for young men to be made fit for war and service in the British Empire, the need to improve the physical health of children from industrial conurbations and the preoccupation of those in authority with the notion of adolescence as a problem, especially the anticipated fear of juvenile delinquency. In the 1950s and early 1960s, when there was a significant increase in the use of the outdoors in education, much of the provision reflected the earlier emphasis on character training and “manly” virtues. The suggestion is made that this was due, in part at least, to the role played by a number of charismatic and influential figures and to continued sensitivity to social, political and military factors.     

比较视域下我国义务教育阶段择校问题思考

择校现象已经是一种世界性的现象,择校政策也已经有很多国家在实行。探讨了这一现象在我国义务教育阶段产生的必然性,并观照了美、英、加三国择校政策的实施,经过思考,认为在中国现阶段国情下应该借鉴外国的一些经验做法,但并不适宜在全国范围内鼓励择校。     

Deaf Students and Higher Education in the United Kingdom

Abstract

In the United Kingdom, 233 higher education institutions were surveyed in 1988 and 1989 providing 166 returns. The survey sought information on equal opportunities policies, provision of technical support, the availability of support personnel and interpreters, funding arrangements, and the numbers of deaf students within higher education (HE). With a few notable exceptions, the returns showed a generally poor level of services available to deaf students, an ignorance of the required support needs and a low representation of deaf people within HE. The need for positive action seemed to be least recognized within teacher training colleges. The study also highlighted the absence of any monitoring of deaf or disabled students within HE. Several suggestions are made on how policies and practices in institutions could be changed to widen access to this group of students.     

Problems in comparative higher education: Political economy, political sociology and postmodernism

This article explores the ways we might use modern and post modern theoryto examine problems in comparative higher education. The problems orobjects of study on which comparative higher education currently focusesare problematized and interrogated. The implications of several versionsof globalization theory for comparative higher education are exploredas are the various post-alities, Mann's political sociology of socialpower, Foucauldian theory of knowledge/power regimes, and feminist theory. Finally, the article looks at methods that might be used when drawing on these theories to study comparative higher education.     

The growth of community education in the United Kingdom

There is considerable confusion over the terms community and community education. This paper explores these concepts, traces the growth of different models of community education in the United Kingdom, and highlights some of the issues, weaknesses and problems arising from its development. Two separate movements, evolutionary and revolutionary, are identified — school-based and community-based respectively — though in recent years the difference in practice has become blurred. Trends discernible in the development of community education include its increasing application to urban and high-density residential areas and the accompanying growth in the size of the institutions — and in the range of facilities offered. There is also the tendency to label a school/college community simply because it provides extra facilities although there is no modification of management structures or of the curriculum. Unresolved as yet is the change in the relationship between school and community effected by community education, one element of which is the reaction on pupils and staff of sharing institutional facilities with the community. Additionally, the larger an institution grows and the more complex the administrative structure it requires, so also the more impersonal does it become and the less able to express or create a real sense of community. What is needed if community education is to fulfil its purpose is community participation in management and decision-making — with adequate structures to facilitate this lay involvement, community control over part at least of the funds, appropriate training of teachers and community workers for their wider roles, and above all, consideration and articulation of the particular needs of each individual community.

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Zusammenfassung Über die Begriffe Gemeinwesen und Sozialerziehung herrscht beträchtliche Unklarheit. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die beiden Begriffe, skizziert das Werden verschiedener Modelle von Sozialerziehung in Großbritannien und hebt einige der aus ihrer Entwicklung sich ergebenden Tatsachen, Schwächen und Probleme hervor. Zwei unterschiedliche Bewegungen, eine evolutionäre und eine revolutionäre, werden festgestellt — jeweils auf der Schule und auf dem Gemeinwesen beruhend — wenn sich auch in den letzten Jahren in der Praxis der Unterschied verwischt hat. Zu den in der Entwicklung der Sozialerziehung erkennbaren Tendenzen gehört ihre zunehmende Verwirklichung in städtischen und sonstigen Ballungsgebieten und die entsprechende Ausweitung der Institutionen — und des Sprektrums ihrer Einrichtungen. Es besteht auch die Neigung, eine Schule oder ein College als Gemeinwesen zu bezeichnen, nur weil sie zusätzliche Möglichkeiten bieten, obwohl in den Strukturen der Verwaltung und im Curriculum nichts geändert wurde. Ungeklärt ist bisher der durch Sozialerziehung bewirkte Wandel in der Beziehung zwischen Schule und Gemeinwesen; dazu gehört die Auswirkung auf Schüler und Lehrer, wenn sie schulische Einrichtungen mit dem Gemeinwesen teilen. Außerdem wird eine solche Schule, je größer sie sich entwickelt und je vielfältiger die erforderliche Verwaltungsstruktur wird, auch immer unpersönlicher und weniger fähig, einen wirklichen Sinn für Gemeinsamkeit zum Ausdruck zu bringen oder zu wecken. Soll Sozialerziehung ihren Zweck erfüllen, ist es notwendig, daß sich das Gemeinwesen an der Leitung und Beschlußfassung beteiligt — mit geeigneten Strukturen zur Erleichterung einer derartigen Einbeziehung von Laien; dazu bedarf es eines wenigstens teilweisen Mitspracherechts des Gemeinwesens bei der Verteilung der finanziellen Mittel, entsprechender Ausbildung der Lehrer und Sozialarbeiter für ihre erweiterten Aufgaben und vor allen Dingen der Äusserung und Berücksichtigung der Sonderbedürfnisse aller Beteiligten.

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Résumé Une grande confusion entoure les termes de collectivité et d'éducation communautaire. Cet article explore ces concepts, suit le développement des différents modèles d'éducation communautaire au Royaume-Uni et met en lumière quelques unes des questions, des faiblesses et des difficultés qui en découlent. Deux mouvements distincts peuvent être identifiés: le mouvement révolutionnaire et le mouvement évolutif, respectivement centrés sur l'école et sur la collectivité, bien que ces dernières années la différence se soit estompée dans la pratique. On discerne certaines tendances dans le développement de l'éducation communautaire: son application accrue aux zones urbaines et à forte densité de population, les dimensions croissantes concomitante des institutions et la variété grandissante des facilités offertes, la tendance à désigner une école par le terme de collectivité simplement parce qu'elle offre des possibilités supplémentaires, bien qu'il n'y ait aucune modification des structures de la gestion ou du curriculum. Par ailleurs, une question toujours pendante est celle du changement des relations entre l'école et la collectivité dans l'éducation communautaire, dont un des éléments est la réaction des élèves et du personnel devant le partage des facilités institutionnelles avec la collectivité. En outre, plus une institution se développe et plus sa structure administrative se complique, plus cette institution devient impersonnelle et plus il lui est difficile d'exprimer ou de susciter un sentiment réel de collectivité. Ce qu'il faut, si l'éducation communautaire doit répondre à son but, c'est la participation de la collectivité à la gestion et à la prise de décisions — à l'intérieur de structures adéquates pour faciliter cette participation des profanes; c'est le contrôle exercé par la collectivité sur une partie au moins des fonds; c'est la formation appropriée des enseignants et des assistants sociaux pour leurs rôles élargis; c'est surtout l'examen réfléchi et l'articulation des besoins particuliers de chaque collectivité individuelle.

     

英国高等教育改革法述评

本文旨在透过对英国高等教育法的述评,观察英国政府强化“国家权力”所采取的措施,为中国高等教育在政府控制“松绑”的过程中,起到一些借鉴作用。     

英国高等教育问责制及其启示

问责制是政府部门及社会机构或个人监督公立高校的一项重要手段,它在英国当前高等教育中发挥着重要作用。本文从三个方面对其解析:一是英国高校的利益相关者及其利益诉求;二是问责为高校带来的积极和消极影响;三是为克服其消极影响,PA管理咨询公司提出有效问责的四个原则及其实施效果。最后本文探讨了英国问责制对我国高等教育的借鉴和启示。