Dynamics of vascular volume and hemodilution of lactated Ringer＇s solution in patients during induction of general and epidural anesthesia

Objective： To investigate the dynamics of vascular volume and the plasma dilution of lactated Ringer＇s solution in patients during the induction of general and epidural anesthesia. Methods： The hemodilution of i.v. infusion of 1000 ml of lactated Ringer＇s solution over 60 min was studied in patients undergoing general （n=31） and epidural （n= 22） anesthesia. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure and hemoglobin （Hb） concentration were measured every 5 rain during the study. Surgery was not started until the study period had been completed. Results： General anesthesia caused the greater decrease of mean arterial blood pressure （MAP） （mean 15% versus 9%; P〈0.01） and thereby followed by a more pronounced plasma dilution, blood volume expansion （VE） and blood volume expansion efficiency （VEE）. A strong linear correlation between hemodilution and the reduction in MAP （r=-0.50;P〈0.01） was found. At the end of infusion, patients undergoing general anesthesia retained 47% （SD 19%） of the infused fluid in the circulation, while epidural anesthesia retained 29% （SD 13%） （P〈0.001）. Correspondingly, a fewer urine output （mean 89 ml versus 156 ml; P〈0.05） and extravascular expansion （454 ml versus 551 ml; P〈0.05） were found during general anesthesia. Conclusion： We concluded that the induction of general anesthesia caused more hemodilution, volume expansion and volume expansion efficiency than epidural anesthesia, which was triggered only by the lower MAP.     

Microstructure and corrosion mechanism of as-cast Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca in Hank’s solution

An Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca alloy with high Zn content was fabricated by vacuum melting. The as-cast microstructure was investigated using XRD, SEM and EDS. It was shown that the alloy was composed of α-Mg, strip-like Ca2Mg6Zn3 and a few Mn- containing phases. Most of the Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase was distributed at grain boundaries while Mn-containing particles were deposited within grains. The as-cast samples were immersed in a Hank＇s balanced salt solution （HBSS） up to 24 h. The corroded surface morphology and cross-section microstructure were analyzed after different time of immersion so as to understand the corrosion behavior of the alloy. During immersion in the HBSS, the alloy corroded homogeneously at the very beginning and then localized corrosion occurred. The secondary phases protruded on the surface due to the dissolution of α-Mg, suggesting micro- galvanic corrosion occurred with secondary phases acting as the cathode and ct-Mg as the anode. Micro-cracks were formed at the interfaces between Ca2Mg6Zn3 and α-Mg, indicating an undermining tendency of the secondary phases.     

Analysis and Interpretation of the Social Reality Reflected in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin

The basic assumption of Marxist criticism is that those who control a society’s economy also control or largely influence its material, cultural, and intellectual products. The Marxist criticism theory in Uncle Tom’s Cabin is about the reality of liberation theology, and twentieth-century political resistance movement in order to expose the evilness of slavery.     

Golding’s Language View in Lord of the Flies and Darkness Visible

Beyond the stories,Golding spends much effort on an issue called"impotence of language"in his works,especially Lord of the Flies and Darkness Visible.Thus Golding’s language view is worthwhile to research.With help of Lacan’s theory of signifier and signified,this paper made a primary glance about Golding’s language view within the two novels.     

A Contrastive Study of the Heroines in A Doll’s House and Macbeth

A Doll’s House and Macbeth obviously belong to different categories in content. However, the two heroines in these two plays, Nora Helmer and Lady Macbeth, demonstrate similar feminist qualities. By staging an overall contrastive analysis on the personality and tragic life of two protagonists from the perspective of feminism, it is founded that both of them are victims oppressed by the patriarchal system and they all have feminine consciousness against this system. Nevertheless, their distinctive complex personalities and different story settings make the reasons for their rebellion differ in many ways and they end up with different endings.     

The Christian Doctrines of Salvation in John Bunyan’s"Doubting Castle"and"Enchanted Ground"

John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress has been written to preach the glad tidings of salvation.Therefore its allegorical protagonists have gradually gone through many tests and trials on the path to salvation.This paper is focused on the doctrinal instruction of the later two episodes,Doubting Castle and Enchanted Ground.     

An Analysis of Jane Austen’s view of Marriage in Her Book Sense and Sensibility

In this paper,I focus on Jane Austen’s book Sense and Sensibility,discuss characters and views of marriage of Elinor and Marianne in this book.Consequently,that leads to the conclusion of Jane Austen’s view of marriage.     

The “Modern Man” in predicament—The Art, the Mood and the Theme of T.S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”

"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", commonly known as"Prufrock", is a poem by T. S. Eliot, Published in Chicago in June 1915, it presents a stream of consciousness in the form of a dramatic monologue, and marked the beginning of Eliot’s career as an in fluential poet. This paper aims at exploring its theme of modern people’s predicament through a detailed analysis of the imagery and fig ures of speech used in the poem. Also, a moderate part will also be given to its stream of consciousness skill in the poem and its contribu tion to the theme of the poem.