TEST LENGTH AND THE STANDARD ERROR OF MEASUREMENT

Lord (1959) has shown that the standard error of measurement of a test is, for all practical purposes, directly proportional to the square root of the number of items on the test. More specifically, Lord found empirically that the standard error of a test was equal to .     if the reliability of the test was computed by the Kuder-Richardson (KR) 20 formula. If the KR-21 formula was used, the standard error was equal to .     . The present paper sets out to show how these relationships may be derived from the defining formulas of reliability and standard error of measurement, if certain simple assumptions about values of test statistics are made.     

A NOTE ON THE RELATIVE SIZES OF THE STANDARD ERRORS OF TWO RELIABILITY ESTIMATES

Formulas for the standard error of a parallel-test correlation and for the Kuder-Richardson formula 20 reliability estimate are provided. Given equal values of the two reliabilities in the population, the standard error of the Kuder-Richardson formula 20 is shown to be somewhat smaller than the standard error of a parallel-test correlation for reliability values, sample sizes, and test lengths that are usually encountered in practice.     

三坐标测量机动态误差的分析和测量(英文)

对三坐标测量机动态误差的分析和计算方法进行讨论．为将线位移误差和转角误差联系起来,提出一种由转角误差得到测头线位移误差的方法,还用有限元法建立动态误差的模型．此外,用电感测微仪对动态转角误差进行了测量．     

FURTHER RESULTS ON THE STANDARD ERRORS OF ESTIMATE ASSOCIATED WITH ITEM-EXAMINEE SAMPLING PROCEDURES

Defining one observation as the score received by one examinee on one item, the results of this investigation suggest that, for a given test length, item-examinee sampling procedures having the same number of observation have, for all practical purposes, the same standard error in estimating μ but different standard errors in estimating σ. Additionally, the variance of the item difficulty indices (proportion answering the item correctly) was found to be a significant factor in accounting for differences in standard errors of estimating μ between normative distributions differing primarily in degree of skewness.     

INFLUENCE OF MEASUREMENT ERRORS ON STRUCTURAL DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

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PARENTS' ATTITUDES AND PERSONALITIES OF PUPILS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT

The family context is a crucial factor shaping children's personalities, and despite enrichment of the immediate environment with increasing age, it remains the basic determinant of personal development for young people. Family relations — especially the influence of mothers' and fathers' attitudes on children's personalities in the context of school — have not been examined clearly enough. In the present study an attempt has been made to show the interdependence between mothers' and fathers' attitudes as perceived by children and the personalities of pupils with different results at school. Subjects were pupils attending the first classes of secondary school The basic research group was 56 persons with poor results at school who dropped out, the first comparison group 55 children with high marks, the second 57 average achievers. Results showed that the attitudes of fathers and mothers of pupils who dropped out differed from those of pupils with high marks. The personalities of pupils who were successful at school differed from those of pupils with average results.     

USE OF DISSOCIATION STRATEGIES WHEN RUNNING BECOMES DIFFICULT: LEVELS OF ABILITY AND GENDER DIFFERENCES

The use of dissociative and associative strategies was investigated in 40 junior athletes competing regularly in distance running events. The sample, 20 males and 20 females, representing athletes of different abilities (international, national, state, and club level competitors) was surveyed concerning cognitive strategies they used “when it was difficult to continue in a race or hard training session”. There was a significant relationship between level of ability and the runner's tendency to use dissociation to cope when running became difficult. The use of totally dissociative strategies was significantly higher for athletes of lesser ability: 8 of the 10 club level runners versus 1 of the 10 international level runners used only dissociation. Although there was no overall effect for gender, an analysis of the responses from subjects below the age of 16 showed that compared to females, males were more likely to be totally dissociative.     

教育研究中的比较层次:对不同文献的不同透视及多层次分析的价值

比较教育研究传统上总是着眼于世界不同区域及不同国家之间的研究。本文认为,这种做法经常导致教育研究中不全面和不平衡的视角,因为它不能将州/省、地区、学校、课堂及个体之间的重大差异考虑进去。作者阐述了比较教育研究需要一个更加广泛的框架这一看法,并且提出了一个更加全面的研究模型——多层次分析,它能够对单一层次分析所获得的观点进行整合。     

ITEM-EXAMINEE SAMPLING PROCEDURES AND ASSOCIATED STANDARD ERRORS IN ESTIMATING TEST PARAMETERS

Selected parameters for a negatively skewed and a normally distributed normative distribution were estimated in a post mortem item-examinee sampling investigation. Manipulated systematically were number of subtests, number of items per subtest, and number of examinees responding to each sub-test. Each item-examinee sampling procedure was replicated five times. Defining one observation as the score received by one examinee on one item, the results of this investigation support the conclusion that, in estimating parameters by item-examinee sampling, the variable of importance is not the item-examinee sampling procedure but is instead the number of observations obtained by that procedure. Degree of skewness in the normative distribution and failure to distribute all items among subtests were found to be relatively unimportant variables.     

EMPIRICAL SYNTHESIS OF THE EFFECT OF STANDARD ERROR OF MEASUREMENT ON DECISIONS MADE WITHIN BRIEF EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSES OF READING FLUENCY

Intervention researchers often use curriculum‐based measurement of reading fluency (CBM‐R) with a brief experimental analysis (BEA) to identify an effective intervention for individual students. The current study synthesized data from 22 studies that used CBM‐R data within a BEA by computing the standard error of measure (SEM) for the median data point from the baseline and intervention data. The median CBM‐R score from the intervention that the authors of each study identified as most effective fell within the SEM (68% confidence interval) of the baseline data approximately 30% of the time, but the ranges for the two author‐identified most effective interventions overlapped over 75% of the time. Extended analyses were consistent with the BEA results for approximately three‐fourths of the instances after considering the SEM of the baseline and intervention phases. Using matched passages did not improve the overlap of the ranges, but there was less overlap when the study used three data points per condition. Results emphasize the importance of considering SEM of CBM‐R data when comparing interventions within a BEA. Further implications for practice and future research are included.     

中美各级别篮球联赛发展比较

NBA的发展,经历七十多年的历史,它们有着完善的运营机制和竞赛体制,有着广泛的青少年篮球爱好者作为基础,有着庞大的NCAA（全美大学生篮球联赛）及ABA（NBA次级篮球联盟）作为递队,致使NBA蓬勃发展,经久不衰。而我国篮球职业联赛———CBA的发展才刚刚十几个年头,整体水平还处于落后状态,和欧美相比还存在较大差距,特别是青少年篮球运动员的培养和挖掘,和美国相比还有很大一段距离。然而如何提高水平,缩小差距是我们每一位篮球工作者应肩负的责任和义务。     

A NOTE ON ALLOCATING ITEMS TO SUBTESTS IN MULTIPLE MATRIX SAMPLING AND APPROXIMATING STANDARD ERRORS OF ESTIMATE WITH THE JACKKNIFE

Investigated empirically through post mortem item-examinee sampling were the relative merits of two alternative procedures for allocating items to subtests in multiple matrix sampling and the feasibility of using the jackknife in approximating standard errors of estimate. The results indicate clearly that a partially balanced incomplete block design is preferable to random sampling in allocating items to subtests. The jackknife was found to better approximate standard errors of estimate in the latter item allocation procedure than in the former.