幼儿冒险精神的意蕴、困境及应对策略

冒险是把双刃剑,合理的冒险让幼儿的成长更加安全。缘此,培养和提升幼儿的冒险精神就显得格外重要。幼儿冒险精神的意蕴为:冒险精神是视角的整合与重生;冒险精神是安全的前提与保障;冒险精神是纯粹的满足与体验。培养和提升幼儿冒险精神的现实困境表现为:冒险氛围长期空白;规范约束顽固阻隔;保障模式严重偏失。培养和提升幼儿冒险精神的应对策略为:营造适宜氛围,激发幼儿冒险的欲望;消解顽固约束,呵护幼儿冒险的萌芽;斧正保障制度,正视幼儿冒险的风险等。     

Children's Learning Difficulties in Science

I would like to explore two related areas:

• 1. Matching the intellectual demand made by the curriculum to the cognitive development level of the child; and

• 2. Cross-cultural studies and the development of the intellect.

利用物理原理解释化学难点

现行初三化学课本 (苏教版和人教版 )中在研究空气成分这节中都引用了如下实验 ,用来测定空气中氧气的含量 ,以此说明空气中氧气体积含量约为 1/5。具体实验为 :将玻璃钟罩放入水槽 ,搁稳在水底的三块小玻璃片上 ,以水面为基准线 ,将钟罩水面以上的容积划为 5等分。装置如图 1所示。再将盛在燃烧匙(插在橡皮塞中 )内的红磷点燃 ,立即插入钟罩内 ,塞紧橡皮塞。红磷在钟罩内燃烧 ,有大量白烟生成 ,同时水面逐渐上升。当燃烧停止 ,白烟逐渐消失后 :水面上升不足 1/5 (如图 2 ) ,向水槽中加水 ,使水槽中的水面与钟罩内的水面相平 ,这时可见进入…     

解读"嘉绒"

“嘉绒”是历史上藏族内部的地理区域概念，而非行政区划。“嘉绒”一词的含义及其地理区域范围，学术界均存在多种不同的论点。本文在全面分析各种观点的基础上提出了新的意见。     

Children's understanding of substances,Part 2: Explaining chemical change

This is the second part of a paper which focuses on the idea of chemical change (see Johnson 2000). The reported data comes from a study which explored the development of children's concept of a substance (ages 11-14). It examines the use of the ideas of elements, compounds and the bonding between atoms to explain chemical change and the intersection of these ideas with 'basic' particle ideas. Evidence is presented which suggests that the particle ideas were the means by which the pupils came to acknowledge the phenomenon of chemical change, having been unmoved by a macroscopic approach which identified substances by melting and boiling point. Furthermore, a basic particle model in which individual particles still retained the macroscopic properties of the substance was found to inhibit an understanding of chemical change. Findings with respect to a burning candle are reported in a separate section. Important implications for teaching are discussed.     

Getting Reading Difficulties in Perspective

THE FIELD of reading difficulties has been dominated by ideas which predate the revolution in literacy research which has occurred during the past two decades. Furthermore, reading difficulties has been locked into special education by the inclusion of the learning disability category in the US PL 94‐142. This review attempts a brief review of non‐North American ideas about reading difficulties to identify the contributions of regular and special education to this field. The implications of research on literacy acquisition are considered. The consequences of regarding reading difficulties as a ‘Matthew effect’ include the urgent need to prevent reading failure. One important attempt to do this is Reading Recovery, a program now used in Australia and the United States as well as New Zealand. The potential of a Vygotskian perspective on assessment and teaching for children experiencing reading difficulties is outlined.     

Children's Thoughts About Reading and Spelling

Most current psychological research on children's reading concentrates either on the various abilities that children need to read or write or on the relative success of different kinds of instruction. Very little attention is being paid to the ways in which children learn orthographic rules. I argue that children typically go through 3 steps in learning a new rule. First they apply a rule that is already in their repertoire but is inadequate. Next, when they realize that this rule is inadequate, they try to extend and adjust it to cover these inadequacies. This adjustment leads them into new experiences that allow them to take the third and final step, which is to form a new and more adequate rule. These steps are similar to the theoretical sequence proposed by Piaget for children's construction of logical rules.     

阅读理解中的预测作用

以心理语言学为理论，说明阅读是一种积极的思维活动。在这个过程中，读者有选择地捕捉具有意义的语言符号，对文章所表达的信息进行一系列的预测(predicting)，体验(sampling)，验证(confirming)和修改(correcting)，以达到对文章全面，深刻的理解。     

学前儿童家庭教育面临的困境与解决之策

现今学前儿童的家庭教育大多属于一种"家长判定式"的家庭教育,显现出家庭陈旧教育观念与学前儿童成长规律不相契合的矛盾和冲突,暴露出学前儿童家庭教育面临的困境,为了更好地提升学前儿童家庭教育的实效性和操作性,要采用有效的解决对策和措施,建立"关爱+适度教育"的家庭教育模式,全面促进学前儿童身心健康发展和成长,提升学前儿童家庭教育的效率和质量。     

语文阅读教学的困境与出路

当前,中学语文的课堂阅读教学存在着功利性阅读、负载式阅读、囿于文本阅读等一些误区,这些阅读的理念和方法已经严重地影响了阅读教学的向度、自由度和深度。深入剖析这一现状,并在此基础上,提出了如何超越功利、内化素养、提升能力,如何给阅读松绑、还原阅读的本色以及如何立足文本、超脱文本并深度生成的新出路。     

幼儿绘本阅读的选择

莎士比亚曾经说过:书籍是全世界的营养品,生活里没有书籍,就好像大地没有阳光;智慧里没有书籍,就好像鸟儿没有翅膀。就如何选择幼儿绘本进行了讨论。     

图画书阅读与儿童非智力发展

图画故事书是学前儿童阅读的起点,是儿童人生的第一本书。当前,图画书对培养孩子的观察力、想象力、审美能力和语文能力方面的积极作用。已得到了人们普遍的认可。但图画书如同一本“生活的百科全书”,它除了对孩子的智力启蒙会产生积极的影响外,对孩子的情感、态度、习惯、性格等非智力方面也有着不可忽视的作用。     

英语阅读中的词汇问题与在上下文中猜词的策略

在阅读英语过程中,难免会碰到一些陌生的单词,为了能更好地理解所读材料,如何处理这些生词是很重要的。一直以来,生词的辨认与猜测是阻碍英语阅读的一个瓶颈。对此,我们需要一些技巧,并将这此技巧综合运用到阅读中去。本文就阅读中碰到的生词问题,学生的识词过程,猜测生词所应遵循的步骤,以及如何有效地从上下文中猜测生词的含义等方面进行了系统的阐述。     

Children's Metacognition About Reading: issues in Definition,Measurement, and Instruction

Metacognition has become a popular term in theories of cognitive development and reading. What children know about the goals, tasks, and strategies of reading can influence how well they plan and monitor their own reading. Despite the appeal of metacognition and the emphasis on executive management of reading, there have been relatively few empirical studies that measure or promote children's metacognition about reading. This article briefly reviews some key studies of children's knowledge about reading and identifies some difficulties in defining and measuring metacognition. An Index of Reading Awareness (IRA) is offered as an informal assessment of metacognition derived from both theory and empirical data that can be used to measure children's understanding of reading comprehension processes. Data are presented illustrating that the instrument is sensitive to developmental and instructional differences in children's metacognition about reading. It is argued that the usefulness of the term metacognition depends on the development of both formal and informal tests of children's knowledge about reading and effective instruction that promotes metacognition.     

Parent Scaffolding in Children's Oral Reading

Parent coaching strategies during shared book reading were analysed according to the principles of scaffolding in a sample of 46 parent-child dyads during the latter half of grade one. The ways that parents responded to each of a child's oral reading errors or miscues were coded into levels of assistance that reflected increasing support at each successive level. In addition children's attempts at rereading miscued words were coded as successful or not. Parents often provided a string of feedback clues and analyses revealed that the level of support parents provided shifted up or increased when their child was unsuccessful in rereading a word after feedback. With increasing level of parental support children's success in rereading misread words increased. Moreover, children with weaker word recognition skill were offered feedback at higher levels of support by their parents. These results demonstrate how parents and children co-construct the feedback that parents provide when listening to their children read and the sensitivity on the part of parents to children's reading performance.     

幼儿道德成长与早期阅读

幼儿在不同成长期的阅读兴趣呈现年龄阶段化的特征.遵从幼儿这一阅读兴趣发展规律的幼儿早期阅读对幼儿道德认知、道德情感和道德行为的形成与发展均具有积极的意义.为开展幼儿道德成长主题下的早期阅读,幼儿园要提供多样化的阅读方式,如自主读、分享读、游戏读、集体读等,同时注重发挥教师的主导作用,让教师引导幼儿的阅读,为幼儿朗读故事,组织幼儿边读边演等.此外,还应构建科学的评价体系,在阅读效果的评价上重视纵向评价,轻横向评价;在评价主体上坚持多元化的原则,让教师、幼儿、家长都成为评价的主体,并以鼓励为主要原则,满足幼儿道德成长的需要,提升幼儿道德成长的主动性,促进幼儿道德品质的健康和谐发展.     

Parent Scaffolding in Children's Oral Reading

Parent coaching strategies during shared book reading were analysed according to the principles of scaffolding in a sample of 46 parent-child dyads during the latter half of grade one. The ways that parents responded to each of a child's oral reading errors or miscues were coded into levels of assistance that reflected increasing support at each successive level. In addition children's attempts at rereading miscued words were coded as successful or not. Parents often provided a string of feedback clues and analyses revealed that the level of support parents provided shifted up or increased when their child was unsuccessful in rereading a word after feedback. With increasing level of parental support children's success in rereading misread words increased. Moreover, children with weaker word recognition skill were offered feedback at higher levels of support by their parents. These results demonstrate how parents and children co-construct the feedback that parents provide when listening to their children read and the sensitivity on the part of parents to children's reading performance.