Intrathymic inoculation of donor liver specific antigen alleviates rejection of liver allotransplantation

Use and effects of liver specific antigen in orthotopic liver transplantations were researched in this study. Group I: syngeneic control (Wistar-to-Wistar); Group II: acute rejection (SD-to-Wistar); Group III: Thymic inoculation of SD rat LSA day 7 before transplantation. The observation of common situation and survival time, rejection grades, NF-κB activity of splenocytes and IL-2mRNA expression of grafted liver were used to analyze acute rejection severity and immune state of animals in different groups. The common situation of group I was very well after transplantation and no signs of rejection were found. Recipients of group II lost body weight progressively All dead within day 9 to day 13 posttransplantation; median survival time was 10.7 ±0.51 days. It was an optimal acute rejection control. As for group III, 5 out of 6 recipients survived for a long time and common situation was remarkably better than that of group II. Its rejection grades were significantly lower than that of group II(P<0.05). NF-κB activity was only detected in group I at day 5 and day 7 after transplantation, whereas high activity of NF-κB was detected at all time points in groupII and the low NF-κB activity detected in group III was significantly lower than that of group II (P<0.05). No IL-2mRNA expression was detected at any time point in group I, whereas high level expression was detected at all time points in group II and the low level expression only detected at day 3 in group III was significantly lower than that of group II (P<0.05). Conclusion: LSA is an important transplantation antigen which is involved directly in the immunorejection of liver transplantation. We report here for the first time that intrathymic inoculation of LSA can alleviate the rejection of liver allotransplantation; and that grafts can survive for a long time thereby, thus leading to a novel way to achieve liver transplantation immunotolerance. Project (NO. 011106206) supported by the Science and Technology Bureau of Zhejiang Province Foundation     

Infusion of nonmyeloablative bone marrow alleviates acute rejection reaction in liver allotransplantation

Objective: To study the effect and implication of nonmyeloablative donor specific bone marrow (DSBM) infusion on the immunoreaction of liver allotransplantation. Methods: Orthotopic liver transplantation model was used in this study. Groups were set as follows: Group Ⅰ, syngeneic control (Wistar-to-Wistar); Group Ⅱ, acute rejection (SD-to-Wistar); Group Ⅲ, acute rejection treated with cyclosporine A (CsA) by intramuscular injection (SD-to-Wistar CsA); Group Ⅳ, bone marrow infusion at 7 d pretransplantation followed by short-term CsA treatment (SD-to-Wistar DSBM); Another group of short-term CsA treatment preoperatively without bone marrow infusion was also set as control. General characteristics and survival time were observed.Histological grades of rejection were determined by pathological examination. IL-2 and IFN-γ level in peripheral blood and donor liver were detected respectively by Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) and Western blot. Chimerism of donor cells was measured by PCR for a male-specific marker (Y-chromosome-specific sequence, Sry). Results: No signs of rejection were found in Group Ⅰ. Acute rejection occurred in both Group Ⅱ and the short-term CsA treated group. All the recipients died at (9～15)d posttransplantation with a median survival time of (10.7±0.5) d and (11.2±2.4) d, respectively. Only mild rejection could be seen in Group Ⅲ. In Group Ⅳ, 4 out of 6 recipients had long-term survival (＞100 d), the histological grade of rejection was significantly lower than that of Group Ⅱ, so did the expression level of IL-2 and IFN-γ in both peripheral blood and grafted liver.Y-chromosome-specific sequence (Sry) of male SD rats could be detected in the bone marrow, spleen and thymus of female recipients at 15 d after bone marrow infusion. Conclusion: Mild preconditioning nonmyeloablative donor specific bone marrow infusion can enhance chimerism formation in recipients, alleviate the rejection of liver allotransplantation and prolong survival of liver allotransplantation.     

两种手术方法治疗复发性翼状胬肉的临床疗效比较

目的比较生物羊膜移植术和自体角膜缘干细胞移植术治疗复发性翼状胬肉的临床疗效。方法将115例168眼复发性翼状胬肉随机分为A（56例82只眼）、B（59例86只眼）两组,两组于显微镜下切除胬肉组织后,A组采用生物羊膜移植术,B纽采用自体角膜缘干细胞移植术,术后随访6个月-12个月。观察两组疗效并进行分析比较。结果角膜创面上皮平均愈合时间A组为4—8（5．9±2．1）d,B组为2-5（3．2±2．2）d。两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。复发率A组为28．05％（23眼）,B组为9．30％（8眼）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论自体角膜缘干细胞移植术治疗复发性翼状胬肉的疗效好于生物羊膜移植术,其角膜创面修复快,复发率低,是一种理想的手术方法。     

Paternal and maternal rejection and Chinese children's internalizing and externalizing problems across the transition to siblinghood: A developmental cascade model of family influence

This longitudinal study examined the reciprocal associations between paternal and maternal rejection and firstborn children's (M_age = 49.9 months; 55% boys) behavior problems across the transition to siblinghood in a sample of 120 families recruited from 2016 to 2018 from Shanghai, China. Parental rejection and behavior problems were assessed before (prenatal) and 1, 6, and 12 months after the birth of a baby sibling. Random intercept cross-lagged panel models revealed positive relations between internalizing problems and both maternal and paternal rejection, and between externalizing problems and paternal rejection at the between-person level (rs = .32–.37), but only cross-lagged effects from children's internalizing and externalizing problems to maternal rejection at the within-person level (βs = .30–.54).     

RNA干扰T细胞mTOR表达后诱导T细胞分化对小肠移植耐受的影响

目的:探讨RNA干扰T细胞mTOR表达后诱导T细胞分化对小肠移植免疫耐受的影响。方法:通过shRNA干扰T细胞mTOR表达后,诱导T细胞向Foxp3+Tregs细胞分化。对60只雄性SD大鼠施行30次异位节段小肠移植,随机分为A组(mTOR-shRNA转染组)、B组(mTOR抑制剂RAD001干预)和C组(移植对照组、注射生理盐水)。观察小肠移植后受体大鼠的体重变化、生存时间及移植小肠病理切片评估排斥反应程度。结果:构建的mTOR-shRNA质粒表达载体在体外能有效地抑制大鼠骨髓细胞mTOR基因mRNA和蛋白的表达。RNA干扰大鼠T细胞mTOR基因可调节T细胞的定向分化,Tregs细胞增多,而Th17细胞分化减少。抑制mTOR基因可诱导大鼠异位小肠移植的免疫耐受,减轻受体抗移植物的排斥反应,显著延长移植物的存活时间。结论:RNA干扰T细胞mTOR表达后诱导T细胞分化对小肠移植耐受的研究为mTOR抑制剂(RAD001)在移植后的临床应用提供理论和实验依据。     

How Diversity Approaches Affect Ethnic Minority and Majority Adolescents: Teacher–Student Relationship Trajectories and School Outcomes

This study aimed to relate school diversity approaches to continuity and change in teacher–student relationships, comparing Belgian-majority (N = 1,875, M_age = 14.56) and Turkish and Moroccan-minority adolescents (N = 1,445, M_age = 15.07). Latent-Growth-Mixture-Models of student-reported teacher support and rejection over 3 years revealed three trajectories per group: normative-positive (high support, low rejection) and decreasing-negative (moderate support, high-decreasing rejection) for both groups, increasing-negative (moderate support, low-increasing rejection) for minority, moderate-positive (moderate support, low rejection) for majority youth. Trajectories differed between age groups. Student and teacher perceptions of equality and multiculturalism afforded, and assimilationism threatened, normative-positive trajectories for minority youth. Diversity approaches had less impact on majority trajectories. Normative-positive trajectories were related to improved school outcomes; they were less likely, but more beneficial for minority than majority youth.     

Relations Among Chronic Peer Group Rejection,Maladaptive Behavioral Dispositions,and Early Adolescents' Peer Perceptions

Adolescents' perceptions of peers' relational characteristics (e.g., support, trustworthiness) were examined for subtypes of youth who evidenced chronic maladaptive behavior, chronic peer group rejection, or combinations of these risk factors. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify subgroups of participants within a normative sample of youth (N = 477; 50% female) for whom data had been gathered from fifth grade (M_age = 10.61) through eighth grade (M_age = 13.93). Results revealed that both enduring individual vulnerability (i.e., chronic withdrawn or chronic aggressive behavioral dispositions) and interpersonal adversity (i.e., chronic peer group rejection) were linked with either differences or changes in adolescents' perceptions of their peers' supportiveness and trustworthiness across the early adolescent age period.     

LINKING SOCIAL–ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS WITH AGGRESSION IN SUBURBAN ADOLESCENTS: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL–COGNITIVE MEDIATORS

Previous research suggests that social–cognitive factors mediate the association between social–environmental risk and aggression in high‐risk samples, but less is known about the relation among these factors in suburban youth. The present study examined whether such an association occurred for suburban youth exposed to low levels of social rejection and community violence. Using data from 184 adolescents (mean age = 14.97 years, SD = .84) and their homeroom teachers, analyses with structural equation modeling revealed a significant relation between relatively mild levels of social–environmental risk and aggression. This association was partially mediated by negatively biased social–cognitive factors (i.e., general knowledge structures and social information processing). Findings suggest that even relatively low levels of social rejection and community violence exposure characterizing suburban youth (in contrast to urban youth) put them at an increased risk for problems with aggression.     

Genetic etiology of spelling deficits in the Colorado and London twin studies of reading disability

The basic multiple regression model for the analysis of selected twin data (DeFries and Fulker 1985, 1988) was fitted to spelling data from 100 pairs of MZ twins and 71 pairs of same-sex DZ twins tested in the Colorado Reading Project (DeFries, Olson, Pennington and Smith 1991), and to data from 12 pairs of MZ twins and 15 pairs of same-sex DZ twins tested in the London twin study of reading disability (Stevenson, Graham, Fredman and McLoughlin 1984, 1987). Estimates of h _g ² obtained from analyses of these data suggest that about 60% of the deficit of probands is due to heritable influences in both samples. When a regression model was fitted separately to data from males and females in the combined Colorado and London samples, resulting estimates of h _g ² were 0.66±0.18 and 0.56±0.19, respectively, a nonsignificant difference. Collaborative analyses of data from additional twin studies of reading disability would facilitate more rigorous tests of hypotheses of differential genetic etiology as a function of group membership.     

Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in Chinese kidney transplant patients

To assess the influence of cyclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506) on mycophenolic acid (MPA) and correlation analysis of the pharmacokinetic parameters and patient characteristics, clinical outcome in Chinese kidney transplant recipients, the pharmacokinetics of 1000 mg mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) twice daily was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PKS (Pharmaceutical Kinctics Software) 1.0.2 software package was used for the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters. The meanC _max,t _max, and AUC_(0–12) were (21.88±10.52) μg/ml, (1.20±0.95) h, and (52.546±13.215) μg·h/ml, respectively. The level of AUC_(0–12) in the FK506 group was significantly higher than that in the CsA group. MPA appeared not to be affected by renal function. MPA AUC_(0–12) showed statistically significant difference according to the patient's gender. Project (No. 20040462) supported by the Foundation of Education Bureau of Zhejiang Province, China     

Low-Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH<Subscript>3</Subscript> over Fe–Ce–O<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> Catalysts

In this study, we used a simple impregnation method to prepare Fe–Ce–O _x catalysts and tested them regarding their low-temperature (200–300 °C) selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO using NH₃. We investigated the effects of Fe/Ce molar ratio, the gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), the stability and SO₂/H₂O resistance of the catalysts. The results showed that the FeCe(1:6)O _x (Ce/Fe molar ratio is 1:6) catalyst, which has some ordered parallel channels, exhibited good SCR performance. The FeCe(1:6)O _x catalyst had the highest NO conversion with an activity of 94–99% at temperatures between 200 and 300 °C at a space velocity of 28,800 h^?1. The NO conversion for the FeCe(1:6)O _x catalyst also reached 80–98% between 200 and 300 °C at a space velocity of 204,000 h^?1. In addition, the FeCe(1:6)O _x catalyst demonstrated good stability in a 10-h SCR reaction at 200–300 °C. Even in the presence of SO₂ and H₂O, the FeCe(1:6)O _x catalyst exhibited good SCR performance.     

Is involvement in school bullying associated with general health and psychosocial adjustment outcomes in adulthood?

The aim was to examine prospectively associations between bullying involvement at 14–15 years of age and self-reported general health and psychosocial adjustment in young adulthood, at 26–27 years of age. A large representative sample (N = 2,464) was recruited and assessed in two counties in Mid-Norway in 1998 (T₁) and 1999/2000 (T₂) when the respondents had a mean age of 13.7 and 14.9, respectively, leading to classification as being bullied, bully-victim, being aggressive toward others or non-involved. Information about general health and psychosocial adjustment was gathered at a follow-up in 2012 (T₄) (N = 1,266) with a respondent mean age of 27.2. Logistic regression and ANOVA analyses showed that groups involved in bullying of any type in adolescence had increased risk for lower education as young adults compared to those non-involved. The group aggressive toward others also had a higher risk of being unemployed and receiving any kind of social help. Compared with the non-involved, those being bullied and bully-victims had increased risk of poor general health and high levels of pain. Bully-victims and those aggressive toward others during adolescence subsequently had increased risk of tobacco use and lower job functioning than non-involved. Further, those being bullied and aggressive toward others had increased risk of illegal drug use. Relations to live-in spouse/partner were poorer among those being bullied. Involvement in bullying, either as victim or perpetrator, has significant social costs even 12 years after the bullying experience. Accordingly, it will be important to provide early intervention for those involved in bullying in adolescence.     

Social Exclusion in Childhood: A Developmental Intergroup Perspective

Interpersonal rejection and intergroup exclusion in childhood reflect different, but complementary, aspects of child development. Interpersonal rejection focuses on individual differences in personality traits, such as wariness and being fearful, to explain bully–victim relationships. In contrast, intergroup exclusion focuses on how in‐group and out‐group attitudes contribute to social exclusion based on group membership, such as gender, race, ethnicity, culture, and nationality. It is proposed that what appears to be interpersonal rejection in some contexts may, in fact, reflect intergroup exclusion. Whereas interpersonal rejection research assumes that victims invite rejection, intergroup exclusion research proposes that excluders reject members of out‐groups to maintain status differences. A developmental intergroup social exclusion framework is described, one that focuses on social reasoning, moral judgment, and group identity.     

Children's Academic and Behavioral Adjustment as a Function of the Chronicity and Proximity of Peer Rejection

The experience of peer rejection is associated with a number of concurrent and later problems for children. However, we know very little about differences in risk relative to different experiences of rejection over time. This study examined later academic and behavioral problems as a function of two dimensions by which rejection may vary over time: chronicity and temporal proximity. 622 second- through fourth-grade children (ages 7–12) were tested in the spring of 4 consecutive years. The results indicated that both chronicity and proximity directly influenced later adjustment. Taken together, the findings suggest that all levels of rejection were associated with greater absenteeism from school, and more chronic and proximal experiences of rejection were associated with elevated externalizing behavior problems and teacher-rated internalizing behavior problems. There was evidence that initial level of adjustment, gender, and development moderated the relation among these dimensions of rejection and later adjustment.     

Allograft rejection-related gene expression in the endothelial cells of renal transplantation recipients after cytomegalovirus infection

Objective: To explore the effects of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on rejection-related gene expression in the endothelial cells of renal transplantation recipients. Methods: Endothelial cells (ECs) were cultured and stimulated by a variety of factors: A, normal control group; B, inactivated human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection group; C, HCMV infection group; D, HCMV supematant infection group; and E, ganciclovir HCMV group. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and major histocompability complex (MHC) class Ⅰ and class Ⅱ antigens was detected by flow cytometry (FCM) and immuno-histochemistry. Results: We found characteristic CMV-infected ECs in this study. There were no significant differences among groups A, B and D (P>0.05). Although the expression levels of ICAM-1 were not significantly different between groups C and E (P>0.05), the ICAM-1 expression in these two groups was significantly higher than that in group A (P<0.05). ICAM-1 expression was detected in groups C and E, while there was no expression in groups A, B and D. Furthermore, there was no significant difference of ICAM-1 mRNA expression between groups C and E (P>0.05). Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-ABC expression was detected in all the groups, while HLA-DR expression was only detected in groups C and E. There were no significant dif-ferences of HLA-ABC and HLA-DR expression among groups A, B and D (P>0.05). However, the HLA-ABC and HLA-DR expression levels in groups C and D were higher than those of the remaining groups previously reported (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the HLA-ABC and HLA-DR expression levels in group E were lower than those of group C (P<0.05). Conclusion: CMV could up-regulate the expression levels of ICAM-1 and MHC antigens, which was closely related to allograft rejection.     

Advances in predicting the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma recipients after liver transplantation

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors worldwide. Liver transplantation (LT) is known as a curative and therapeutic modality. However, the survival rates of recipients after LT are still not good enough because of tumor recurrence. To improve the survival rates of recipients after LT, identifying predictive factors for prognosis after LT and establishing a model assessing prognosis are very important to HCC patients. There has recently been a lot of clinical and basic research on recurrence and prognosis after LT. Progress has been made, especially in selection criteria for LT recipients and risk factors for predicting prognosis after LT. Hangzhou criteria, in line with China’s high current incidence rate of primary liver, are first proposed by Chinese scholars of LT, and are accepted world-wide, and make an important contribution to the development of LT.     

Intergenerational Stories and the “Othering” of Samoan Youth in Schools

Through a critical cultural assets model, the authors use the methodological practices of collaboration, community site visits, document analysis, and interviews with cultural insiders to explore schools’ continued rejection of academic belonging for people from “othered” communities. They explore the case of Samoan youth—a marginalized cultural group—to contest the shared belief that school-based citizenry is an educational impossibility. Interview data with Samoan elders is analyzed using Consensual Qualitative Research methods (Hill et al. in Couns Psychol 24(4):517–572, 1997). They present themes of cultural capacities and academic disconnection to imagine a school context for the integration of cultural assets for “othered” youth (Kliewer and Biklen in Teach Coll Rec 109(12):2579–2600, 2007; Kliewer et al. American Educ Res Assoc J 3(2):163–192, 2006).     

器官移植排斥与耐受的研究进展

综述了同种异体排斥反应中MHC抗原提呈、T细胞抗原识别、T细胞激活和分化、T细胞免疫效应等机制的研究进展，诱导和维持免疫耐受的机制和方法，包括单克隆抗体、阻断T细胞激活第二信号和转基因技术诱导移植免疫耐受．     

Exosome-derived galectin-9 may be a novel predictor of rejection and prognosis after liver transplantation

Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B - Acute cellular rejection (ACR) remains a major concern after liver transplantation. Predicting and monitoring acute rejection by non-invasive methods are...