A review of politics of education in the 'moment of 1976'

James Callaghan's 1976 Ruskin Speech is often presented as denoting the end of consensual policy-making in education and a profigurement of Thatcherite educational policies. This paper considers the validity of visualising 1976 as a foothill of New Right thinking about education and expresses some skepticism about interpretations which neglect subterranean politics.     

The Ruskin Speech and Great Debate in English education, 1976–1979: A study of motivation

James Callaghan's speech at Ruskin College, Oxford in October 1976 is widely considered a pivotal moment in modern English educational policy. Whilst it is not our intention to challenge this fundamental point, the paper will critically interrogate some long-held assumptions about the motivation that led Callaghan to deliver his speech at Ruskin College. Specifically, the paper will argue that the Ruskin Speech, which spawned a subsequent great debate on education, was motivated by a desire to protect and support comprehensive education, rather than generate more fundamental and radical educational reform away from those principles. Where successive governments have referred back to the ideals espoused by the speech as justification for subsequent educational transformation away from comprehensive ideals, this has only served to imbue the Ruskin Speech and Great Debate with motivations that were not shared at the time by Callaghan and his Labour government.     

SPEECH ON EDUCATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM BY THE PRIME MINISTER/ THE RT.HON. JAMES CALLAGHAN

The Prime Minister, The Rt.Hon. James Callaghan, gave a speech on education at a foundation stone‐laying ceremony at Ruskin College, Oxford on 18 October 1976. Below we publish substantial parts of his speech dealing with the problems of higher education.     

Genealogy of self-expression: a reappraisal of the history of art education in England and Japan

Abstract

In both England and Japan, art education was viewed as having nothing to do with self-expression, but was considered to be an efficient means for industrial development. In England, it was designed to train the eyes and hands of artisans. The art critic Ruskin has often been referred to in the context of the transition to self-expression in the history of art education. This article shows, however, that Ruskin was not an advocate of self-expression. In Japan, drawing was introduced into the general education curriculum at the beginning of the Meiji era, and the aim of that instruction was to train the students' eyes and hands. In response to this trend, the Free Drawing Movement was introduced by Kanae Yamamoto. He attempted to introduce the methods of creation used by professional artists into general education. But this aspect was neglected by both his supporters and opponents, and Yamamoto has been presented instead as an advocate of self-expression. Drawing on the genealogical approach, as developed by Foucault, this paper re-examines this well-known history of art education. By replacing Ruskin and Yamamoto in the historical context of the transition of art education in two respective countries, the genealogy of self-expression will be revealed.     

再论约翰·拉斯金的艺术教育思想

艺术教育的社会价值和功能是现当代素质教育中普遍关注的问题。艺术家的艺术教育思想和成就是艺术教育的基石。19世纪英国艺术批评家、美学家约翰·拉斯金的艺术教育思想影响了工业革命以后的英国乃至世界,他的艺术教育理论具有独特的历史地位和价值,在强调审美教育和素质教育的今天,对于我们更好地完善和普及艺术教育具有一定的现实意义。     

思想与情感的结合——约翰·罗斯金《芝麻与百合》中的环境意识

从生态批评这一角度对罗斯金的《芝麻与百合》进行了分析。罗斯金很早就认识到了大自然的重要性,认为对自然和生活的崇敬和热爱能培养人的道德和宗教信仰的虔诚。在他看来,工业化进程中的思想和情感的分离才导致了社会道德、美德的缺失和其他一系列问题的出现。他所坚持的思想和情感的统一也反映在《芝麻与百合》这本书的语言风格中;凭借这种统一,他强调人应该尊重生活,认真地生活。因此,他在该书中构建的理想社会不是一个乌托邦,而是激发人们行动起来的蓝图。     

Critical Perspectives on Colonisation of the Art Curriculum in Korea

This article examines some characteristics of art education in Korea. It takes the form of a historical overview using a postcolonial lens. The findings were that the predominant Western aesthetic concepts and theories as central culture embodied in Korean art education as local culture are: (i) ideas of art as self‐expression developed in Europe and the USA between the 1920s and 1950s; (ii) the concept of art in daily living in the USA in the 1930s; (iii) design elements and principles by Arthur Wesley Dow in the USA in the 1920s; (iv) Bauhaus design theory in Europe in the 1920s; and (v) the appreciation of nature beauty by John Ruskin in the late nineteenth century in England. These educational ideas have been influential on policy‐making in Korean art education, and therefore new concepts are integrated with these elements for curriculum changes. In this way, the characteristic of the colonised Korean art curriculum is so hybrid that it is difficult to understand the concepts and the practical implications of the various policies for art teaching. Consequently, it has not served the issues of cultural diversity and pluralism that are so problematic in twenty‐first century Korean society.     

论朱光潜对约翰·罗斯金美学观的批评

朱光潜先生在其著名的《谈美》中对英国美学家、艺术批评家约翰·罗斯金的美学观提出了批评,认为罗斯金混淆了美感与快感,过于强调艺术对自然的刻意模仿。但如果对罗斯金的著作作更全面的了解,我们会发现朱光潜对罗斯金的批评在某种程度上有失公正,他的批评对国内读者了解一个真实的罗斯金容易产生一些负面影响。罗斯金的“典型美”和“生命美”等美学理论是他界定“美感”的核心依据。在对待自然与艺术的关系上,罗斯金并非像朱光潜所批评的认为艺术家应该对自然不加任何选择,而是强调其想象力的参与。     

“以学生为中心”视角下英国安格利亚鲁斯金大学教育管理与人才培养特色研究

文章基于“以学生为中心”的研究视角,分别从学生“参与式”教学质量保障机制非常健全、各类高质量学习资源供给丰富多样、学生自主学习时长被纳入课程教学设计方案、学校图书馆空间功能分区合理有序等四个方面对英国安格利亚鲁斯金大学教育管理与人才培养特色进行系统阐述,以期为国内高校在教育机制、教学管理、人才培养等方面改革与完善提供参考借鉴。     

言语行为理论视角的语篇连贯探析

语篇衔接与连贯理论自韩理德（Halliday）和哈桑（Hasan）在1976年提出以来,在学术界产生了很大的反响,国内外语言学界对语篇连贯的研究也越来越重视,引起了学者们进一步的研究。本文运用言语行为理论对语篇的连贯问题进行分析,提出了语篇在言语行为理论不同层面上连贯的有形连贯、隐形连贯和无形连贯的表现模式。     

Ruyu Hung. Education between speech and writing: Crossing the boundaries of Dao and deconstruction (London: Routledge, 2018)

Abstract

This book review symposium aims to open a space for discussions and questions responded to the book Education between Speech and Writing: Crossing the Boundaries of Dao and Deconstruction, which is published in 2018. The symposium is composed of four articles by four authors. They are “Introduction” by the author of the book; Morimichi Kato's “Writing, History, and Playfulness: A dialogical review of Ruyu Hung's Education Between Speech and Writing: Crossing the Boundaries of Dao and Deconstruction”; Xu Di's “Think Beyond Dichotomy: Discussant paper on Education Between Speech & Writing by Dr. Ruyu Hung”; and Chia-Ling Wang's “Buddhist unconsciousness: A language beyond phonocentrism and graphocentrism in postgraphocentric education”. This symposium creates new possibilities of understanding and exploring Eastern Asian philosophy of education.     

Minban education: the planned elimination of the “people-managed” teachers in reforming China

Minban (“people-managed”) schooling was used as a very important instrument to deliver educational and political values in China in Mao's era. Originating in the Yan'an Period in the middle 1940s, minban education experienced radicalized and hyperpoliticized development during the Great Leap Forward in 1958 and the Cultural Revolution during 1966–1976. In the reform era since 1979, since China's national development policies required education to target educational quality and economic modernization, the Chinese government planned to eliminate minban schools and minban teachers by the year 2000. The elimination of minban schools was achieved easily through closing and merging schools. However, the minban-teacher elimination policies, including differentiating minban teachers' payroll, admitting a very small proportion of them into the public teacher force and dismissing the majority, have created a variety of problems in rural basic education expansion. The elimination of minban teachers has been a drawn out and painstaking process, which continues into the new millennium.     

International institutions and educational policy: A review of education-sector policy

In 1974, the World Bank published a study entitledEducation Sector Working Paper which set forth its policy in the field of education. This study, the second the Bank had published, was widely read, analysed and discussed for some time after its publication and had a considerable influence on thinking in education and development at the international level. Prospects devoted four articles to the paper: one book review and three controversies (Vol. V, No. 2, 1975, p. 285; Vol. V, No. 4, 1975, p. 457–78; Vol. VI, No. 2, 1976, p. 209–20). Thus, the discussion in our pages, in which the Bank participated, lasted nearly a year.Now the Bank has brought out another eagerly awaited policy paper on education which is to guide its thinking and action in the coming years. Its publication is an event of international importance and its impact will certainly be considerable.The following article by Martin Carnoy is the first in a seriesProspects will publish reviewing the policies of the Bank as expressed in theEducation Sector Working Paper, and by extension, the foreseeable impact of these policies on the world of education in general. Martin Carnoy's paper is critical: readers familiar with his work (seeProspects, Vol. VIII, No. 1, p. 3–19) will know that his viewpoint on the international aspects of education diverges considerably from that of the Bank and of most international governmental and non-governmental agencies.The debate is open again. Specialist in the economics of education, economic development and political economy. Among his many publications in related fields are Education as Cultural Imperialism, Economic Change and Educational Reform in Cuba, 1955–1974,and Education and Employment.     

The global–local interface in multicultural education policies in Japan

This paper examines interactions between the global and the local in the context of Japanese mainstream schooling, by focusing on the development of local government policies to manage diversity in schools. This paper reveals how local governments developed education policies in interaction with grassroots professional groups, activists and schools, and by selectively incorporating national policies. These local policies are multicultural education policies but differ in two significant ways. The first is their predominant concern with human rights education, leaving celebration of cultural diversity as a marginal consideration, and the other is the official use of the term ‘foreigners’ in the title of these policies; both of which reflect the pre‐existing local context. The paper demonstrates that new immigrants do not unilaterally impact on supposedly ethnically homogeneous Japanese classrooms, but that the pre‐existing local contexts (national, local and institutional) have mediated global forces in effecting changes.     

智能语音技术在教学中的应用研究

随着人工智能、声学、语言学的发展,智能语音技术作为一种新型的信息技术逐步成熟,并且已经开始在教育教学领域大展身手。智能语音技术具有语音识别、语音合成、语音评测的功能,在教学中具有使用简单、方便、快捷的特点,特别是在双语教学、普通话教学中更能发挥智能语音技术的优势。文章将以智能语音技术在双语教学、普通话教学中的应用为例,来揭示智能语音技术在教学中应用的功能。     

Structural Adjustment and Gender Access to Education in Nigeria

ABSTRACT The article reports on relative gender access to secondary (grammar) school education from 1977 to 1990 in Imo State, Nigeria. To this end, time series data on secondary (grammar) school enrolment in Imo State from 1977/78 to 1989/90 were analysed. The findings are: (i) the existence of a gender imbalance in access to grammar school education in which the participation rate for girls was less than 40% up to 1980/81. This is discussed with reference to the prevalence of a gender-biased tradition which restricts girls' access to education; (ii) the dramatic overturning of the gender enrolment imbalance, in favour of girls, from 1981/82 when girls' participation rate in secondary education reached a peak of 56%. This is attributed to the nationwide implementation of a 6-year programme of free and compulsory Universal Primary Education (UPE) in Nigeria from 1976. The free and compulsory UPE scheme (which removed the traditional constraints on female education)had the immediateeffect of causing a phenomenal growth in primary school enrolment that was paralleled in the secondary sector in 1981/82; and (iii) the decline in access to grammar school education, more marked for girls than for boys, since 1986 when free market reform structural adjustment policies (SAP) prescribed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank were introduced in Nigeria. The SAP was accompanied by enormous financial and economic hardship which militate against access to education for the majority of poor Nigerians and for girls in particular. These findings are consistent with reported findings elsewhere in 'adjusting' countries. It is concluded that the financial rigours of the structural adjustments that havebeen imposed on such countries militate against the United Nations Children's Fund and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation commitments to the elimination of all policies that hinder gender access to education in Africa and the global vision of education for all by the year 2000.     

略论在《演讲与口才》教学中融合艺术素质教育

先阐述艺术素质教育的概念,再剖析在《演讲与口才》课程教学中融合艺术素质教育的含义与意义,最后论述在《演讲与口才》教学中融合艺术素质教育的措施。     

提高形势与政策教育实效性的探讨

本文结合教育教学实际,分析了形势与政策教育的特点和当代大学生的特点,论述了形势与政策教育的内容改革、现代教育技术手段的运用、师资队伍和制度建设等问题,对如何提高高校形势与政策教育的实效性进行了探讨。     

当代大学生社会主义核心价值观教育的行动指南——学习习近平总书记在北京大学师生座谈会上的讲话

习近平总书记在北京大学师生座谈会上的讲话就青年培育和践行社会主义核心价值观这一重大理论问题和实践问题进行了全面、系统的科学阐述。此次讲话阐释了当代大学生社会主义核心价值观教育的重要意义,明确了社会主义核心价值观的基本内容、内在本质、时代精神和价值导向,澄清了当代大学生社会主义核心价值观教育的认识分歧,点明了当代大学生社会主义核心价值观教育的操作路径为:培养学生勤学的优良学风,培养学生修德的道德践履,培养学生明辨的判断能力,培养学生笃实的实干精神。     

Comparing HE policies in Europe

The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework for a comparative analysis of Higher Education policies that enables us to investigate the explanatory power of structural characteristics of politico-administrative systems. The policies that are studied aim at improving the efficiency and quality of institutional performance. The paper focuses on policy trends in higher education in the eight countries in the study. It discusses how the literature on comparative political and administrative systems can help formulate assumptions about public policy making and policy change. The ideas that are developed are then applied to public reform policies in general and in the area of higher education in particular, followed by a test of the assumptions on available data on reform outcomes in the countries involved. The data indicate that a comparative politico-administrative perspective is potentially useful with regard to explaining cross national variation in higher education reform policies in Europe.