职业教育教师资格制度变革的理论解释与现实难题

新《职业教育法》的实施为建设高质量职教教师队伍夯实了法治基础,面对时代背景的重要转变,职业教育教师资格制度应顺时而变。当前职教教师资格制度变革面临资格规范相对滞后减损制度效力、资格条件较为单一阻滞制度效能、资格考试设计粗疏掣肘制度效度、资格认定尚待优化影响制度效果等现实问题,胜任力理论可为构建职业教育教师资格制度提供新视角。职教教师资格制度变革可遵循以下路径：以职教高质量发展为基点,构建职教教师资格制度体系;以教师专业化发展为导向,改进职教教师资格条件框架;以考察教师素质为重点,优化职教教师资格考试制度;以教师职业成长为目标,完善职教教师资格认定制度。     

高考改革试点中家长对选科的 认识及意向的调查分析

家长是高考改革重要的利益相关者，其对选科的认识及意向是学生选科的重要影响因素。调查显示：家长对孩子在校课程学习和高考选科关注度较高，但对相关政策的了解有待深入；家长与孩子的选科意向及意向学科组合总体趋势较为一致；家长对孩子大学专业报考的初步意向集中在教育学、经济学、理学、医学等专业上，较为尊重孩子的选科及专业报考意向，赞同根据兴趣、能力、成绩及大学招生要求进行综合选择。根据家长对高考高度关注但实际了解程度偏低、新高考赋予更多选择权但家长的选择取向相对集中、家长和学生选择意向的趋利性特点突出、家校社协同机制有待形成等实际，还需进一步推动高考制度设计在试点中持续优化，发挥高校在招生和育人中的导向作用，推进高中学校育人方式改革，构建家校社协同机制以增进社会理解，从而加强对家长和学生选科选考的指导。     

韩国补课如何影响数学成绩？——基于TIMSS 2019数据的双层线性模型分析

韩国中小学生普遍补课,背后的关键假设是补课有利于提高学习成绩,但是补课和成绩的关系究竟如何,目前尚无定论。此外,补课的作用可能因条件而异,有必要更加细致地考察补课对不同群体的作用。本研究基于“国际大型数学与科学趋势研究”（TIMSS）2019八年级测评数据,采用双层次线性模型进行分析,发现韩国八年级学生补课时间越长,数学成绩就越好。在此基础上,如果学生所在学校平均补课时间长,学生成绩将额外增加;这种作用可被该校学生的整体家境组成所部分解释。学生补课时长与成绩的关系既不因学校而异,也不因其学业水平的高低而异;但是学生家庭经济与文化资本越薄弱,补课久与成绩提升的关系越大。本研究还发现,校内数学教师的教学水平能够在一定程度上中和补课与成绩的关系,但是这种作用比较有限。韩国已然形成补课主导的教育生态,补课对成绩有顽强的预测力,其背后反映的是学生与家长在学业竞争中胜出的需求无法在公办教育中得到满足;反过来,韩国的补课市场提供了更加多元化、个性化的教育。     

Post-16 Education,Semi-dependent Youth and the Privatisation of Inter-age Transfers: Re-theorising youth transition

This paper critically reviews historical and contemporary debates around the study of youth transitions and social change in the sociology of education and elsewhere. It argues that current accounts of recent social change of the 'post' variety tend to both over state and simplify the character of these changes. The paper suggests that it is more appropriate to think of change in terms of the reconfiguration of relationships between 'inflexibility' and 'flexibility', independence and dependency, and the public and the private. Substantively, these things can be studied through the 'intergenerational transfer' of 'assets' of various kinds within kin networks. On this basis, the paper argues for a shift away from a narrower focus upon parents that has been the basis for some recent useful and relevant work on educational decision-making in sociology of education in the UK. These issues about decision-making are related to the developing debate around Rational Action Theory and culturalist vs structural approaches. It is suggested that recent work in the areas of stratification and class formation theory would prove of value to these, and other, concerns in the sociology of education.     

The Role and Status of LEAs: Post-war pride and fin de siècle uncertainty

From the mid-1940s until the mid-1970s, most of Britain's political 'establishment' shared a tacit governing philosophy which embraced a broad commitment to the concept of 'a national system of education, locally administered'. More specifically, it was believed that the tripartite partnership established between central government, local government and the individual schools and colleges involved a network of checks and balances which would ensure the effective distribution of power throughout the system. This partnership survived the local political battles over comprehensive schooling in the 1950s and 1960s, but began to break down in the 1970s when economic dislocation and a national identity crisis ushered in a new era of accountability and sanctions. This 'breakdown' encompassed the trust and confidence that central government had once reposed in the competence of local education authorities. The erosion of confidence in LEA effectiveness intensified under the Thatcher and Major administrations and is further threatened by the privatising agenda of New Labour.     

职业教育国际合作中的知识溢出：动力、途径与效应

在深化对外开放背景下,职业教育国际合作是中国参与全球职业教育治理的重要途径。“鲁班工坊”作为我国最具影响的职业教育国际合作模式,是职业教育响应国家“一带一路”倡议和服务中国企业“走出去”的标志性成果。本研究以全球“鲁班工坊”为例,探寻职业教育国际合作组织之间协同发展的机制与规律,发现职业教育国际合作组织相辅相成、相互促进,存在知识溢出现象。其中,显性的空间距离和隐形的认知距离是职业教育国际合作中知识溢出的主要动力;项目建设要求的质量评估标准、教师培训的EPIP教学模式、引入第三方议事协调机构的治理方式是职业教育国际合作中知识溢出的主要途径;连锁效应、模仿效应、交流效应、竞争效应、带动效应与激励效应是职业教育国际合作中知识溢出的主要效应。     

爱的烦恼：第一代大学生代内教育帮扶的影响及其机制

代际教育支持和代内教育帮扶均是家庭形塑个体教育轨迹的有效途径,但后者常被忽视。第一代大学生代内教育帮扶超越父代教育支持的局限性,激活上大学兄姐的独特优势,使同代家庭成员获益。本研究将第一代大学生代内教育帮扶的影响置于家庭本位的传统文化与个体本位的现代文化相碰撞的中国情境下进行考察,结果发现,第一代大学生代内教育帮扶在发挥拓宽弟妹向上流动渠道、减轻父母教育负担、促进自我提升的教育代理补偿的积极效应之时,也衍生出非预期后果,致使弟妹形成路径依赖心理,父母转嫁责任成为甩手掌柜,其自身负荷过重而发展受阻。这折射出家庭内部缺乏有效协作,教育帮扶合力尚弱,第一代大学生因过度教育帮扶陷入爱的烦恼。第一代大学生代内教育帮扶是促进教育公平在微观层面实现的必要行动,其中夹杂着父母无法给予子女增益的文化资本之无奈,也暗含着仅有的“先改写者”补偿文化资本之可能。然而,在发挥其积极功能时,也要减少其衍生的非预期后果,规避不利影响。     

When students are failed: 'love' as an alternative education discourse?

This article explores how classist education practices are constituted through education systems and structures and through the habitus of key agents. This school and classroom ethnography focuses on the education practices and habitus of the head teacher of a girls' secondary school, who is also a key agent in the Maltese national education policy community. Though structured through the discourses and institutional practices of the highly selective national system, Ms Sicura's habitus is also a response to the challenges the present conjuncture poses to her. This includes the biographies of her low socio-economic status students and the complex needs they bring to school, as well as the increasingly contradictory demands placed by the decentralisation process of the selective education system. Overwhelmed by these and struggling to offer a valid school experience for her low-achieving students, Ms Sicura responds with a discourse of 'love'. However, this replaces a programme for educational progress. It reproduces the global and national classist education discourses, in which low socio-economic status students are contained by 'care', while middle-class students are offered quality education in competitive market.     

Adult higher education opportunities: An evaluation of sources of information

How do adults learn about higher education opportunities that are available to them? Few studies have investigated this question. The Institute for Communication Research study of the promotion of adult learning programs in the United States and the Center for Research and Development in Higher Education study of higher education opportunities for adults focused on the channels chosen by educational institutions for communicating information. This study investigates adult audiences' attentiveness and evaluation of various sources of information about opportunities for higher education. Generally, it was found that personal sources of information were evaluated more highly by adults interested in pursuing higher education than by those who were not interested. The evaluation of mass media information sources were not significantly different, however, between interested adults and not-interested adults.     

师徒制对缓解高职院校高年资教师职业倦怠的影响机制研究

高年资教师是我国高职院校教师队伍的中流砥柱,然而“躺平（职业倦怠）”亦成为阻碍其进一步推动我国高等职业教育事业高质量发展的重要因素。本研究基于社会交换理论,以我国高职院校99对高年资教师与青年教师为对象,展开了为期5天的调查研究。结果发现：（1）师徒制存在“师—徒”间的双向增益机制;（2）师徒制能够通过知识重组路径抑制高年资教师职业倦怠的滋生,同时,指导成效是干预这一效果的重要边界条件。在此基础上,本研究通过组态分析提出了“专业资本导向型”与“心理资本导向型”两种基于师徒制的高年资教师职业倦怠应对方案,进而建议相关院校加大对师徒制的资源投入力度,赋予该制度一定的灵活性,以期从根源上解决高年资教师的职业倦怠问题。     

Education,Teacher Training and Prospects for Economic Recovery in Cambodia

With the conclusion of 1994, Cambodia will have ended its first year of rehabilitation under a freely elected government. Since the 1993 elections, Cambodia has moved cautiously towards a modern era and there has been considerable international effort to ensure that all sectors of the economy achieve the improvements required to achieve political and economic stability towards 2000. The education sector has been a major focus. Cambodia is ready to move into the next stage of development of the education sector-reconstruction. With the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) having provided support in this sector for over 10 years, the restoration of bilateral and multilateral aid will see a growing involvement of foreign governments and donor organisations in the restoration of the sector. This activity will need to be coordinated. Cambodia had a rapidly expanding education system before Pol Pot's Year Zero. Largely based on French colonial models and structures that system served a society very much in transition - a transition from colonial dependency to a possible so-called 'new tiger'. The current period will see a different 'system' emerge; one that is neither French nor Western nor indeed 'modern'. The transition of the education system will be predicated on an overhaul of the existing bureaucracy, training regimes and school curricula before modernisation processes are installed. This paper provides a historical backdrop for the current situation. It also examines current policy priority areas in education in Cambodia and the level of international assistance.     

Minority Education in China: From State's preferential policies to dislocated Tibetan schools

This article analytically describes how the state of mainland China addresses the 'periphery syndrome' of education in its 'peripheral areas' of national minorities. It discusses the rationales, policies, implementations and results for the development of minority basic education. The examination of the 9-year compulsory schooling and the boarding school system for minority pupils suggests contradictions and mismatches between state policies and implementations. The article reveals educational, as well as geographical displacement of minority schooling, particularly the internationally little-known Tibetan Schools and Classes that have been radically developed in the metropolises of Han majority. The dislocation of reform for minority basic education, especially the lack of cultural sensitivity, is further compounded by the ubiquitous practices of pupil tracking and school differentiation in the education system. The author concludes that the policy components of cultural responsiveness should be integrated in minority education development.     

University-based initial teacher education: Institutional re-positioning and professional renewal

The emphasis on 'partnership' in initial teacher education is a matter not just of organisational structure but of professional practices and purposes. If universities are to remain key players in initial teacher education, they must support the occupational group that represents the sector's interests and values: university-based initial teacher educators. Currently, however, this occupational group is awkwardly positioned between competing sets of accountability demands and institutional requirements. This article argues that only by encouraging and sustaining the professional renewal of university-based initial teacher educators will the university earn itself a continuing place in the evolving story of initial teacher education. That renewal is dependent, in other words, not only on the institutional re-positioning of the university but also on its re-commitment to initial teacher education as a core activity; a re-commitment which, it is argued, must recognise professional learning as a major 'field' of study across professional domains.     

对学校发展性教育督导的再认识 ——考察英国学校督导工作引起的思考

英国的学校发展性教育督导经验对于我国的督导实践探索具有较强的借鉴意义。 结合对英国的督导学习考察经历,发现学校教育、依法督导、教育质量、督导活动、督导结果和督学队伍六个要素对于学校发展性教育督导的有效实施非常关键。 文章介绍了英国学校在这六个方面的具体做法,这些做法值得我们在督导实践中借鉴。本文还结合上述六个要素就我国的督导工作给出了建议。     

Élitism to Inclusion - Some Developmental Tension

Higher education as a system is a recent phenomenon. In the developmental process, particularly over the past 35 years, tensions have built up which are grounded in competing beliefs and aspirations about the form and shape of higher education. This paper examines some of the competing tensions and evaluates some of the implications of progressing from an élite to a universal higher education system. The pressure by Government to raise standards and to provide an educated skill base to maintain a competitive edge in a global economy can be seen against an internal higher education world holding on to 'élite instincts and traditions'.     

Europe,Continental philosophy and the philosophy of education

On what might a comparative discussion of philosophy of education that takes Europe as one of its terms be based? This paper begins by addressing the complexity that attaches to the name 'Europe' in this context in order to lay the way for a more detailed consideration of so-called 'Continental' philosophy--specifically of poststructuralism. It makes reference to the ways in which the work of poststructuralist thinkers has often been interpreted in 'postmodern' educational theory and seeks to reveal certain errors in this regard. Distinctions are drawn between postmodernity, postmodernism and poststructuralism, illustrating the last of these in terms of two influential strands of thought drawn from Levinas and Nietzsche, and indicating their value for education. In conclusion, some brief remarks are offered regarding the institutionalization of philosophy of education in Europe.     

高校创业教育与大学生创业意向和创业自我效能的关系研究

高校创业教育影响大学生的创业意向和创业自我效能，但已有研究将创业教育视为一个整体掩盖了三者之间的关系机理。基于理论性和实践性创业教育的分类框架，分析了讲座报告、创业课程、创业竞赛、创业培训和创业实训与大学生创业意向和创业自我效能之间的作用关系。结构方程模型分析表明：理论性创业教育不仅直接影响大学生创业意向，还通过创业自我效能间接影响创业意向；实践性创业教育仅通过创业自我效能间接影响大学生创业意向。理论性创业教育对大学生创业意向的影响效应大于实践性创业教育，且创业课程对大学生创业意向的影响效应最大。更重要的是，相较于创业教育对大学生创业意向的直接效应，通过创业自我效能对创业意向产生的间接效应更大。     

Possibilities and Limits for Democratisation in Education

This paper aims to consolidate the major themes which emerge from the contributions to this special issue on democracy and education. It traces links between democracy in education and wider social formations, and charts possible directions for the processes of democratisation. It asks whether such moves are just a 'democratic face' to mask economic neo-liberalism, or represent real shifts towards social justice and equality. The paper looks first at the connections between democratisation of schooling and three dimensions of the social structure in a country: the political system and governance; wealth and poverty; and gender relations. It draws the obvious conclusion at this point that education is necessary but not sufficient to achieve radical change in these areas. Secondly, the paper synthesises nine of the emergent processes and avenues for democratisation in education: definitions of democracy; legislation and policy for democracy; decentralisation of education; teacher education; teacher unions and networks; governing bodies and parental participation; student associations and networks; partnerships with outside agencies; and research. The conclusion raises another set of questions about strategy within education, with so much clearly depending on the history of democracy (or its absence) in a country, and on what sorts of definitions, networks and allegiances are possible. Internationalisation and 'cosmopolitan democracy' will certainly become increasingly important in establishing the values involved, and comparative education has a significant role to play here.     

强化人大预算监督能提升地方政府教育支出吗？——基于省级预算审查监督条例立法的准自然实验

在“中国式”分权背景下，地方政府对本地教育财政投入激励不足。如何发挥地方人大的预决算审查监督职能、构建有效约束机制来提高地方政府教育支出水平，对我国教育事业长远发展具有重大意义。本文以我国各地区推动预算监督法制化为制度背景，以1999—2017年间各省份预算审查监督条例立法作为准自然实验，使用双重差分法研究通过立法加强地方人大预算监督如何影响地方政府教育支出。研究发现：（1）省级预算监督条例立法能够显著增加地方政府的教育财政支出，使教育支出在财政预算支出中的比重平均上升约一个百分点，使地方教育支出占GDP的比重显著提高；（2）异质性分析显示预算监督条例立法对地方政府教育投入的促进作用主要体现在基础教育和中等教育层面，并且在财政分权程度更高或地方主政官员缺乏中央工作经历的地区更加显著。本文的研究表明，推动财政监督法制化是构建现代教育财政治理体系的重要制度基础，强化地方人大预算监督是确保地方教育支出持续稳定增长的有效制度保障。     

International Influences on Educational Policy--With Special Reference to the Technological Sector of Higher Education--in Greece as a European Semi-periphery

This article argues that in the 1960s-1970s, two international organisations, namely OECD and the World Bank, influenced educational policy in Greece: higher technical education was expected to contribute to economic development and modernisation. This process took place within the framework of the 'semi-peripherality' of Greece during that period: the so-called 'internationalisation' process, which included foreign investment and technological transfer. By the end of the 1970s, there was a dramatic expansion of the education system. Nevertheless, particular emphasis was attached to higher technical education to promote economic development and modernisation, in view of Greece's accession to the European Economic Community (EEC). In the 1980s-1990s, the major actor influencing higher technological education policy in Greece was the EEC. Within the context of an expansion of the higher education system, higher technological education was upgraded also to promote modernisation and a 'self-reliant' economic development, for the full adaptation of Greece to the EEC. However, the respective reforms were incompatible with the state of the Greek economy and the nature of the Greek State, which was one of the main reasons for Greece's difficulty in adapting to the EU on equal terms.