The university of Pennsylvania dyslexia information center

Conclusion A systematic search is necessary to pull together a complete bibliography on dyslexia, because the literature is divided among several quite different disciplines. If the results of this search are shared, a general saving in time available and probably an enhancement of the general quality of research efforts will result. The Reading Clinic of the University of Pennsylvania has produced an annotated bibliography of some 500 articles through 1965 from the entire spectrum of professions dealing with dyslexia and severe reading disabilities. The bibliography will be published in two stages this year. The complexity of the subject matter led to creation of an index which permits manipulation of the information in ways not previously possible The urgency of the need for information gathering on dyslexia has been generally recognized. The Reading Clinic staff have long been aware of the need and have begun to meet it. As of July 1967 there were 331 programs in progress on dyslexia and related reading disabilities supported by $32,372,720 from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: 172 ($8,346,957) in research; 75 ($14,425,824) in training; and 84 ($9,599,939) in diagnosis and/or treatment. Not one program suggested by its title that assembling and processing the literature would be one of its functions. It seems to me that collection of the existing literature and organization and analysis of the knowledge that has already been developed ought to be the first steps in mounting new programs. Paper presented at Thirteenth Annual Convention, International Reading Association, Boston, Massachusetts, April 26, 1968. Reprinted here, by permission of the author and of IRA, from theConference Proceedings, Vol. 13, Part 3, “Reading Disability and Perception,” pp. 46–51. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.Catalog of Federally Assisted Programs for Dyslexia and Related Reading Disabilities. (Undated)     

A concurrent validity study of the Woodcock Word Comprehension Test

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the Woodcock Word Comprehension Test and several measures of reading achievement and verbal intelligence. Subjects were 194 children who were tested in a University Reading Clinic. All were administered the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests, the Slosson Oral Reading Test, an Informal Reading Inventory, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised, the Slosson Intelligence Test, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Pearson product-moment correlations (r) were used to test the relationships. It appeared that the Woodcock Word Comprehension Test assesses reading ability more than general verbal ability.     

College Students' Study Strategies as a Function of Testing: An Investigation into Metacognitive Self-Regulation

We conducted the present study to investigate whether college students adjust their study strategies to meet the cognitive demands of testing, a metacognitive self-regulatory skill. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two testing conditions. In one condition we told participants to study for a test that required deep-level cognitive processing and in the other to study for a test that required surface-level cognitive processing. Results suggested that college students adjust their study strategies so that they are in line with the cognitive processing demands of tests and that performance is mediated by the study strategies that are used.Margaret E. Ross is an Associate Professor of Educational Measurement and Statistics at Auburn University. She earned her Ph.D. in Educational Psychology from the University of Kansas. Her research interests include the role assessment plays in influencing student learning strategies, assessment issues and policy, and educational program evaluation. Samuel B. Green is a Professor in the Educational Psychology Department at Arizona State University. He holds a Ph.D. in Measurement and Individual Differences Psychology from the University of Georgia. His research focuses on statistical procedures. Jill Salisbury-Glennon is an Associate Professor teaching Educational Psychology courses at Auburn University. She earned her Ph.D. in Educational Psychology from Pennsylvania. Research interests include college student self-regulation, metacognition, and motivation. Nona Tollefson recently passed away. She was a Professor of Psychology and Research in Education at the University of Kansas and held a Ph.D. from Purdue University. Her research focused on student assessment     

An Empirical Assessment of Cooperative Groups in Large, Time-compressed, Introductory Courses

We measured student knowledge and motivation at the beginning and end of a three-week general psychology course. Two large lecture sections (N = 215 and N = 154) were compared; one used a cooperative learning process, and one did not. Student knowledge significantly improved in both sections, but there was no additional benefit derived from using cooperative learning. Interestingly, student motivation significantly decreased in the cooperative learning section. With recognition of the study’s limitations, we conclude that cooperative learning has limited efficacy in large enrollment, compressed courses. Dawn Vreven is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh. She received her Ph.D. from Brown University. Her research interests include visual perception and cognition. Susan McFadden is a Professor of Psychology at the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh. She received her Ph.D. from Drew University. She co-edits the “Teaching Tips” column for the Association for Psychological Science’s Observer and has published a number of articles on teaching and learning. This work was supported by the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh’s Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Program.     

Teaching for analogical transfer as a means of improving problem-solving,thinking and learning

Analogical transfer is transfer of a basic structure acquired through one or more instances to another instance. A basic structure like this is sometimes called a paradigm. Paradigmatic teaching, i.e. teaching for analogical transfer, requires the teaching of a basic structure by appropriate exemplars as well as the teaching of its application in various fields and contexts. This is demonstrated using research on teaching for problem-solving, inductive thinking, and learning-to-leam.Invited paper presented at the joint meeting of the Dutch Research Association on Instructional Processes (OTG), the German Division for Empirical Educational Research (AEPF) of the German Educational Association and the Division for Educational Psychology (FPP) of the German Psychological Association on April 23–25, 1989, at the University of Twente, The Netherlands.     

传统文化理念在高校心理健康教育中应用的初步构想

目前,我国大学生心理健康问题已得到社会各界的重视。但目前国内对心理咨询与治疗、精神障碍等存在误解和偏见,高校心理咨询机构使用率不高,大学生心理健康教育课程流于形式。而我国传统文化理念中有大量可运用于高校心理健康教育,能够有益于心理健康工作的开展。本文主要阐述传统文化理念在高校心理健康教育中的意义,并初步构想开展校园心理健康教育与传统文化理念相结合的基本方案与方法,以期为未来相应的高校心理健康教育改革提供参考。     

Role play simulations: The assessment of an active learning technique and comparisons with traditional lectures

Although effective teaching is focusing more on the need to use active learning techniques, the research literature regarding the efficacy of various teaching methods is inconclusive. An innovative active learning technique combining the features of role plays and simulations for an industrial psychology course is presented. Subjective reports and objective assessments of knowledge retention measured at two distinct times indicated the role play simulation is an effective teaching technique. The differential importance of active learning and passive learning (i.e., lectures) techniques for the college classroom was also examined. Finally, the application of this technique for several college courses is presented.Professor DeNeve is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience at Baylor University. She received a B.A. in Psychology and Theology from St. Ambrose University and her M.A. and Ph.D. in Social Psychology from the University of Missouri-Columbia. Her current teaching interests are focused upon the use of laserdiscs and computer-generated media in the classroom. Her primary research interests include empirical investigations of active learning techniques, quantitative research synthesis, subjective well-being, and the psychology of religion. Professor Heppner received her Ph.D. in Counseling Psychology and is an Assistant Professor in the Psychology Department at the University of Missouri-Columbia. She has developed an innovative two-semester course in the Psychology Department called the Practicum in the Teaching of Psychology, in which graduate instructors teach and participate in a seminar to learn about and receive feedback on their teaching. Her research interests include pedagogical innovations, vocational development of adults, and rape prevention.     

African American Educators’ Perspectives on the Advanced Placement Opportunity Gap

This study examines perspectives of educators on the advanced placement opportunity gap for African American students. Using interviews with 11 educators from 10 high schools, we explored their perceptions regarding the impact of a local academic achievement program on the enrollment of African American students in honors and advanced placement courses. Results of the analysis suggest that there is a perceived and real gap in the participation of African American students in AP courses. Findings also revealed that educators were concerned about the lack of access for African American students to AP courses. Further, issues of belonging and operational citizenship within the school environment were raised. Recommendations for pedagogical techniques are presented as well as suggestions for future research. Jocelyn D. Taliaferro is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Social Work at North Carolina State University. Dr. Taliaferro earned her BA degree in Psychology with minors in African American Studies and English from University of Delaware and her MSW from Howard University in Washington, D.C. She returned to University of Delaware to earn her PhD in Urban Affairs and Public Policy. Dr. Taliaferro’s teaching and research interests include African American student achievement, social policy, community development, and family support. Jessica T. DeCuir-Gunby is an Assistant Professor of Educational Psychology in the Department of Curriculum & Instruction at North Carolina State University, CB#7801, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. Dr. DeCuir-Gunby earned her BS degree with a double major in Psychology and Spanish from Louisiana State University. She earned both her MA and PhD degrees in Educational Psychology at the University of Georgia. Dr. DeCuir-Gunby’s research and theoretical interests include race and racial identity development in education, Critical Race Theory, mixed methods research, and emotions.     

Finding a Voice on Disk

Andrew Rostron and Richard Plant, Educational Technology Research Group, Department of Psychology, Hull University, describe the prototype of a software package which can be used as an inexpensive and flexible speech synthesiser in schools and other centres.     

Variables related to career commitment,mastery motivation,and level of career aspiration among college students

The authors wish to express appreciation for the statistical help provided by James Wardrop and Ya-Mei Chen; and for the support provided by the Bureau of Educational Research and the Campus Research Board, University of Illinois. Also several persons helped with the development of the measures and data collection including Carole Ames, Mary Z. Anderson, Cindy Glidden, Fu-lin Y. Lee, Kirsten Peterson, and Barbara Powell. Requests for reprints may be addressed to the first author at the Educational Psychology Department, University of Illinois, 1310 South Sixth St., Champaign, IL 61820.     

Figured World of History Learning in a Social Studies Methods Classroom

This paper considers how one teacher educator, Dr. Gomez, took up revisionist history and inquiry in her social studies methods classroom. The concepts of figured worlds (Holland et al., 1998) [Holland, D., Lachicotte, W. Jr., Skinner, D., & Cain, C. (1998). Identity and agency in cultural worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press], and artifacts and mediation (Holland & Cole, 1995; Vygotsky 1978, 1986) [Holland, D., & Cole, M. (1995). Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 26(4), 465–490; Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language. Boston: The MIT Press] are used to present a case study. The study focuses on the artifacts that made up the figured world of history learning in Dr. Gomez’s social studies methods class and the learner identities afforded by this context. The purpose of this study is two-fold: (a) explore how teacher education classes can recruit primarily white, middle class students into a figured world of history learning that is culturally congruent with urban settings, and (b) demonstrate the application of the figured worlds framework to the study of learning in a teacher preparation program. Cecil Robinson is an assistant professor of educational psychology at The University of Alabama. His research focuses on social studies teaching and learning, technology, democracy, and hope. Address correspondence to Cecil Robinson, Campus Box 870231, Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research and Counseling, College of Education, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0231, USA; e-mail: crobinso@bamaed.ua.edu     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: P.D. Pumfrey (1977) Measuring Reading Abilities: Concepts, Sources and Applications. Gibson, Eleanor J. and Levin, H. (1975) The Psychology of Reading. Kingston, A.J. (1977, ed.) Toward a Psychology of Reading and Language: Selected Papers of Wendell W. Weaver.     

Developing interest in reading with film

Summary A specially designed motivational version of the filmKidnapped, using only a few interesting episodes, was more effective in motivating the withdrawal from school libraries of the book by the same title than a longer version which presented the whole story in condensed form. There was no reliable difference between the two film groups in the amount of reading done, but there was some indication that the motivational version stimulated boys to read more carefully, and a greater proportion of them therefore made higher scores on an objective test. The results of this experiment suggest that producers of classroom films in this particular field need to consider the possibility of making fewer general purpose films and developing more films around very specific objectives of teaching. One of these which needs attention is the problem of motivation covered by this study. In its program of excerpting feature films for school use, Teaching Film Custodians, the organization which developed the film materials used in this experiment, is moving in the direction of selecting shorter excerpts for meeting more specific teaching objectives. This study tests the bypothesis that a high-school teacher can do a more effective job in motivating students to read a book by using a film made up of only a few interesting episodes than a film which gives the complete story of the book. Mark A. May is professor of Educational Psychology, director of the Motion Picture Research Project of the Department of Education, and director of the Institute of Human Relations at Yale University. He is also president of the Board of Trustees of Teaching Film Custodians. Nelle Lee Jenkinson is assistant director of the Division of Audio-Visual Education of the St. Louis Public Schools.     

A qualitative comparison of perceived stress and coping in adolescents with and without autistic spectrum disorders as they approach leaving school

During the research reported in this article, differences in perceived stress and coping between adolescents with and without autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) were examined by a series of interviews. Emphasis was placed on examining the issue with regard to the prospective transition at the point of leaving secondary education. Ten pupils with autism and seven without any identified disorder were interviewed. The participants with ASD indicated worry about specific objects and social relations; demonstrated a lack of external expression of their stress; and indicated a reliance on self, rather than others, for help. Those with ASD also indicated more concerns regarding items not affecting their education and were self-admittedly poor at dealing with both current and future stress. Participants without a disorder were far more concerned with their education and outlined different methods of stress management. James Browning, an Educational Psychologist in training, Dr Lisa A. Osborne, a Research Fellow in the Learning and Adaptive Behaviour Group, in the Department of Psychology at Swansea University, and Professor Phil Reed, the Director of the Learning and Adaptive Behaviour Group, in the Department of Psychology at Swansea University, suggest that these differences should be addressed and argue that the further incorporation of techniques to improve coping with stress may ease the transition from school for students with ASD.     

Associations of Resource and Service Utilization, Risk Level, and College Outcomes

We tracked resource and service utilizations and first-year college outcomes for the entering first-year class (n = 1,534) at a traditional 4-year postsecondary institution. We grouped specific resources and services offered by the institution into four general categories (academic services, social resources, recreational resources, and advising sessions). We investigated the interrelation of risk, resource and service utilization, and first-year GPA and retention. We found that utilization of each resource/service category was positively associated with GPA and/or retention. Of particular interest, we tested whether the associations of resource and service utilization and outcomes were moderated by risk. We found that the associations of academic services and advising sessions with GPA were more pronounced for higher-risk students. We discuss the implications of the findings, including how the differential associations of resource and service utilizations and outcomes can affect intervention decisions with high-risk students. This research was a collaborative project between ACT and NAU. Steven Robbins, Jeff Allen, Alex Casillas, and Adaeze Akamigbo are members of ACT Research. Margot Saltonstall is Assessment Coordinator, Enrollment Management and Student Affairs, Rebecca Campbell is Associate Professor of Educational Psychology, and Eileen Mahoney is Director of the Gateway Student Success Center, all at Northern Arizona University. Paul Gore is Associate Professor of Educational Psychology at the University of Utah and former director of the Career Transitions Research Department at ACT.     

Toward a palatable research paper experience

The recently expanding educational movement, writing across the curriculum, has encouraged instructors in all disciplines to require more undergraduate writing assignments, including research papers. A five-stage process for managing the research paper assignment is described. Students are instructed in gathering sources, organizing findings, and using a standard format. Progress is closely monitored at each stage with specific feedback. Student reaction to this technique was measured in upper-division courses using a 14-item questionnaire with Likert-type scaling and free-response narrative. Responses were overwhelmingly favorable, indicating that students would have less hesitancy and anxiety in completing future writing assignments.Kathryn K. Rileigh is Professor of Psychology at Pembroke State University. She holds a Ph.D. in psychology from Vanderbilt University. Her research interests include psycholinguistics and psychological interpretations of literature.An earlier version of this paper was presented at meetings of the Eastern Conference on the Teaching of Psychology, Harrisonburg, VA, October 1990.Copies of the annotated bibliography of handbooks on writing research papers may be obtained by writing Kathryn K. Rileigh, Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Pembroke State University, Pembroke, NC 28372.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Carver, R.P. (1981) Reading Comprehension and Reading Theory. Crowder, R.G. (1982) The Psychology of Reading: an Introduction. Downing, J. & Leong, C.K. (1981) Psychology of Reading. Henderson, L. (1982) Orthography and Word Recognition in Reading. Kolers, P.A., Wrolstad, M. & Bouma, H. (Ed.) (1979) Processing of Visible Language 1. Kolers, P.A., Wrolstad, M. & Bouma, H. (Ed.) (1980) Processing of visible Language 2. Lesgold, A.M. & Perfetti, C.A. (Ed.) (1981) Interactive Processes in Reading. Mitchell, D.C. (1982) The Process of Reading: a Cognitive Analysis of Fluent Reading and Learning to Read. Ewing, J. and Johnstone, M. (1981) Attitudes to Reading: Measurement and Classification within a Curricular Structure. Heather, P. (1981) Young People's Reading: a study of the leisure reading of 13-15 year olds. Clay, Marie M. (1982) Observing Young Readers: Selected Papers. Ferreiro, Emilia and Teberosky, Ana (1982/3) Literacy Before Schooling. Spender, L. (1983) Intruders on the Rights of Men: Women's Unpublished Heritage. Sheridan, E. Marcia (Ed.) (1982) Sex Stereotypes and Reading: Research and Strategies. Posner, Roland (1982) Rational Discourse and Poetic Communication: Methods of Linguistic, Literary, and Philosophical Analysis. Prince, Gerald (1982) Narratology: The Form and Functioning of Narrative. Sharratt, Bernard (1981) Reading Relations: Structures of Literary Production. A Dialectical Text/Book. Tompkins, Jane P. (Ed.) (1981) Reader-Response Criticism: From Formalism to Post-Structuralism. Widdowson, Peter (Ed.) (1982) Re-Reading English. Cressy, D. (1980) Literacy and the Social Order: Reading and Writing in Tudor and Stuart England. Eisenstein, E.L. (1982) The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early-modern Europe. Furet, F. and Ozouf, J. (1982) Reading and Writing: Literacy in France from Calvin to Jules Ferry. Mann, P.H. (1982) From Author to Reader: a Social Study of Books. Morris, R.C. (1981) Reading, Riting, and Reconstruction: the Education of Freedmen in the South, 1861-1870. Gollasch, F.V. (Ed.) (1982) Language and Literacy: the Selected Writings of Kenneth S. Goodman. Volume I: Process, Theory, Research. Volume 2: Reading, Language and the Classroom Teacher. Miles, T.R. (1983) Dyslexia: The Pattern of Difficulties. Singer, M.H. (Ed.) (1982) Competent Reader, Disabled Reader: Research and Application. Malatesha, R.N. and Aaron, P.G. (Ed.) (1982) Reading Disorders: Varieties and Treatments.     

A New Outlook with the Computer

Promising new uses of computer-based aids to assess and extend the learning potential of 'special care' children are reported, Dr Andrew Rostron and Steven Lovett, Educational Technology Research Group, Department of Psychology, Hull University     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article: AINCOW, M. and TWEDDLE, D. (1984) Early Learning Skills Analysis. ANDERSON, R.C., OSBORN, J. and TIERNEY, R.J. (eds)(1984) Learning to Read in American Schools: Basal Readers and Content Texts. TUNMER, W.E., PRAIT, c. and HERRIMAN, M.L. (eds) (1984) Metalinguisfic Awareness in Children. Theory, Research, and Implications. DOWNING, J. and VALTIN, R. (eds) (1984) Language Awareness and Learning to Read. COCHRAN-SMITH, M. (1984) The Making of a Reader. GOELMAN, H., OBERG, A. and SMITH, F. (1984) Awakening to Literacy. KENNEDY, A. (1984) The Psychology of Reading. VAN DIJK, T.A. and KINTSCH, W. (1983) Strategies of Discourse Comprehension. EGOFF, SHEILA A. (1981) Thursday's Child. FLOOD, J. (1984) Understanding Reading Comprehension: Cognition, Language, and the Structure of Prose. Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association. ISBN 0-87207-7365. PETERS, M. (1984) Spelling: Caught or Taught? A New Look. GRONER, R., MENZ, c., FISHER, D.F. and MONTY, R.A. (eds) (1983) Eye Movements and Psychological Processes: international views. RAYNER, K. (ed.) (1983) Eye Movements in Reading: perceptual and language processes. HENDERSON, L. (1984) Orthographies and Reading. WALLER, T. GARY and MACKINNON, G.E. (eds) (1979) Reading Research Advances in Theory and Practice, Volume 1. MACMNNON, G.E. and WALLER, T. GARY. (eds) (1981) Reading Research Advances in Theory and Practice, Volume 2. MACMNNON, G.E. and WALLER, T. GARY (eds) (1981) Reading Research Advances in Theory and Practice, Volume 3 MACKINNON, G.E. and WALLER, T. GARY (eds) (1985) Reading Research Advances in Theory and Practice, Volume 4.     

Demographic,Academic and Psychological Profile of Students Attending Counseling Services at the University of Granada (Spain)

The Spanish educational system, in general, and particularly at the university level, is characterized by the lack of systematic and quantitative evaluative research. This lack of data based research is particularly problematic due to the significant reforms that are currently taking place. Decisions are being made at political, administrative, and educational levels that are not substantiated by meaningful research. To address these concerns, this study focuses upon providing empirical data from students who attend the University of Granada and who have sought services from Counseling Services. This paper provides data concerning the demographic, academic and psychological characteristics that impact students adaptation to the Universitys academic and personal challenges.Ph.D. student at the University of Granada in the Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology.Received her degree in Psychology from the University of Asucion (Paraguay). She is currently a Ph.D. student at the University of Granada and has received a grant to work in Counseling Services.Ph.D. student at the University of Granada in the Educational Intervention in Educational and Developmental Contexts program, offered through the Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology.