Intelligence in auditory,visual, and audiovisual information processing

Conclusion It has been assumed that by manipulating redundancy (both SR and BCR), it is possible to make LI Ss perform IP tasks as effectively as HI Ss. The difference between HI and LI Ss may be eliminated or reduced by improving the performance level of LI Ss. The simultaneous AV channel presenting identical or high redundancy information (high BCR) would make it possible to raise LI Ss to a level of performance as high as that of HI Ss. This study was supported by the Research and Development Center for Learning and Re-Education, University of Wisconsin, pursuant to contracts with the United States Office of Education (Center N. C-03 /Contract OE, CRP No. 2850). The writer wishes to thank his major professor, Bruce H. Westley, for his guidance of this study.     

Durability of the partial reinforcement and partial delay of reinforcement extinction effects after minimal acquisition training

Four groups of 10 rats each were given six acquisition trials (Phase 1) under continuous reinforcement (CR), partial reinforcement (PR), constant delay (CD), or partial delay of reinforcement (PD) conditions. In Phase 2, all Ss were given 18 nonreinforced trials, followed by 12 continuously reinforced trials in Phase 3. In Phase 4, all Ss were given 12 more extinction trials. A constant 24-h ITI was observed throughout the experiment. A strong partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) was obtained in both Phases 2 and 4. Only a temporary partial delay of reinforcement effect (PDRE) was observed, which was restricted to the first nine trials of the first extinction phase. No constant delay of reinforcement effect (CDRE) was observed in either extinction phase. The results were discussed in terms of both frustration and sequential theories.     

Sequences of reward magnitude and runway performance

Three groups of rats underwent 24 days of training and 12 days of extinction (three trials per day) in a runway under conditions of increasing (I), decreasing (D), and random (R) sequences of reward magnitudes (0, 45, and 500 mg). The I Ss ran faster over the daily trials, the D Ss slowed down, and the R Ss ran at approximately equal speeds on each trial. The patterned running observed in training persisted in extinction, with the R Ss running fastest and the I Ss next. The results were discussed in terms of Capaldi’s sequential theory and Amsel’s frustration theory.     

Effects of a backward conditioning procedure following acquisition on extinction of conditioned suppression

A one-trial-a-day procedure was used to investigate the effects of US-CS pairings on extinction of conditioned suppression of licking by rats. Following acquisition trials, response suppression was immediately eliminated when US preceded CS, but it reappeared during subsequent CS-alone presentations. Ss that received backward pairings reached a significant level of extinction one trial before Ss that received conventional extinction trials.     

The role of number and spacing of CS-US pairings in conditioned suppression

In four studies, with rats as Ss. acquisition and. where appropriate, extinction trials were presented against a baseline of ongoing licking. At shock intensities of 0.1. 0.5. 1.0, or 2.0 mA, acquisition performance was a function of number of CS-US pairings: spacing of trials (one or two per day) did not affect acquisition performance. Resistance to extinction could be predicted from terminal acquisition performance and reached a maximum after three CS-US pairings.     

Partial reinforcement effect: The expectancy of reward on nonreward trials

In order to determine the importance of the development of expectancy of reward prior to partial reward trials; rats were given 20 continuously reinforced trials prior to 20 partially reinforced trials (CRF-PRF) and compared to Ss given only 20 partially reinforced trials (PRF). Control groups received 20 or 40 continuously reinforced trials (CRF-20, CRF-40) to determine the effect of differing numbers of acquisition trials. Results showed that terminal acquisition differences were minimal in the run segment of the alley and that Group CRF-PRF was more resistant to extinction than Group PRF, and both were more resistant to extinction than the CRF-20 and CRF-40 groups, which did not differ from each other. These results were interpreted as supporting the notion that the expectancy of reward on nonreward trials during partial reinforcement acquisition is a determiner of the magnitude of the partial reinforcement extinction effect.     

Stimulus control of foodcup approach following fixed ratio reinforcement

Rats were trained on fixed ratio (FR) schedules requiring either 5 or 10 leverpresses to produce reinforcement and an intertrial interval (ITI). Half of the Ss at each ratio requirement were extinguished on an FR 5 and half on an FR 10 schedule of ITI presentation. Fewer foodcup approaches were made on the FR 10 than on the FR 5 extinction schedule, regardless of acquisition FR. Leverpresses per approach were fewer on the FR 5 than on the FR 10 extinction schedule and were fewer following FR 5 than following FR 10 acquisition. Data suggested the existence of interoceptive as well as exteroceptive stimulus control of foodcup approach and were discussed in terms of their implications for a response-unit account of extinction.     

The effect of mindfulness on extinction and behavioral resurgence

In the present experiments, we investigated the effects of mindfulness on behavioral extinction and resurgence. Participants received instrumental training; either they received FI training (Experiment 1), or they were trained to emit high rates and low rates of response via exposure to a multiple VR yoked-VI schedule prior to exposure to a multiple FI FI schedule in order to alter their rates of responding learned during Experiment 2. Participants were then exposed to either a focused- (mindfulness) or an unfocused-attention induction task. All participants were finally exposed to an extinction schedule in order to determine whether a mindfulness induction task presented immediately prior to extinction training affected extinction (Experiment 1) and behavioral resurgence (Experiment 2). During the extinction phase, the rates of responding were higher in the control group than in the mindfulness group, indicating that the mindfulness group was more sensitive to the contingencies and, thus, their prior performance extinguished more readily (Experiment 1). Moreover, rates of response in the extinction components less precisely reflected previous training in the mindfulness group, suggesting less resurgence of past behaviors after the mindfulness induction (Experiment 2).     

Falling through the cracks: rehabilitation services for adults with learning disabilities.

The present study investigated the knowledge and perceptions of vocational rehabilitation (VR) of adults with learning disabilities (LD), as well as control variables which describe adults with LD and may have a bearing on access to VR services. This was accomplished by (1) determining the knowledge adults with LD had of their rights under federal rehabilitation regulations; (2) examining demographic control variables (e.g., sex, age, education level, hometown population, employment history, and income), which may have a bearing on the need for or access to VR services by adults with LD; and (3) examining experiences/perceptions of adults with LD regarding the VR application/eligibility process. A pretested questionnaire appeared in the January 1989 ACLD Newsbriefs. Findings indicate that while there was a group of respondents who were satisfied with the rehabilitation services they had received, there was also a large group of respondents who were either ineligible for rehabilitation services or dissatisfied with services they received. Generally, respondents' knowledge of VR was limited.     

奇偶指数与链烷烃原子化热的关系

在距离矩阵的基础上提出一种新的拓扑指数一奇偶指数OE,该指数对C1-C10的150个链烷烃有很好的结构区分性。将其对C1-C9的有关链烷烃的原子化热进行结构性质相关,结果表明,该指数具有良好的性质相关性。奇偶指数计算简便,有望作为一个重要参数在QSPR／QSAR研究中得到应用。     

A comparison of Dabrowski's overexcitabilities by gender for American and Korean high school gifted students

The differences between US (Ohio) gifted and talented high school students and South Korean gifted and talented high school students on the Overexcitabilities Questionnaire II (OEQ II) were investigated. The OEQ II was administered to 227 Ohio identified gifted and talented high school students (M = 88, F = 139) and to 341 high school students from four specialized high schools (one for science, one for foreign language, and two for the arts) in Seoul, Korea (M = 117; F = 224). Multiple analysis of variance by gender and country revealed that Korean males and females scored higher in psychomotor OE and that US males and females scored higher in imaginational OE. No differences were found in intellectual OE, emotional OE, or sensual OE.     

Self‐advocacy: Encouraging students to become partners in differentiation

The intent of this study was to discover what relationship, if any, exists between creative personality characteristics and psychic overexcitabilities (OEs), as defined by Dabrowski's Theory of Emotional Development. Twenty‐one gifted seventh and eighth grade students were given the Something About Myself (SAM) portion of the Khatena‐Torrance Creative Perception Inventory and the Overexcitabilities Questionnaire. The seven subjects with the highest SAM scores were designated as the High Creative, the seven lowest as the Low Creative group. At test was performed on the group means of the two groups on the five dimensions of overexcitability. Differences between the High Creative and Low Creative groups were significant (p < .025] for imaginational and intellectual OE and (p < .05) for emotional OE. Differences Between the groups on psychomotor and sensual OE were nonsignificant. These findings have implications for parents, teachers, and counselors of creatively gifted students.     

Evaluating virtual reality and augmented reality training for industrial maintenance and assembly tasks

The current study evaluated the use of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) platforms, developed within the scope of the SKILLS Integrated Project, for industrial maintenance and assembly (IMA) tasks training. VR and AR systems are now widely regarded as promising training platforms for complex and highly demanding IMA tasks. However, there is a need to empirically evaluate their efficiency and effectiveness compared to traditional training methods. Forty expert technicians were randomly assigned to four training groups in an electronic actuator assembly task: VR (training with the VR platform twice), Control-VR (watching a filmed demonstration twice), AR (training with the AR platform once), and Control-AR (training with the real actuator and the aid of a filmed demonstration once). A post-training test evaluated performance in the real task. Results demonstrate that, in general, the VR and AR training groups required longer training time compared to the Control-VR and Control-AR groups, respectively. There were fewer unsolved errors in the AR group compared to the Control-AR group, and no significant differences in final performance between the VR and Control-VR groups, probably due to a ceiling effect created by the use of two training trials in the selected task for participants who were expert technicians. The results suggest that use of the AR platform for training IMA tasks should be encouraged and use of the VR platform for that purpose should be further evaluated.     

Adding immersive virtual reality to a science lab simulation causes more presence but less learning

Virtual reality (VR) is predicted to create a paradigm shift in education and training, but there is little empirical evidence of its educational value. The main objectives of this study were to determine the consequences of adding immersive VR to virtual learning simulations, and to investigate whether the principles of multimedia learning generalize to immersive VR. Furthermore, electroencephalogram (EEG) was used to obtain a direct measure of cognitive processing during learning. A sample of 52 university students participated in a 2 × 2 experimental cross-panel design wherein students learned from a science simulation via a desktop display (PC) or a head-mounted display (VR); and the simulations contained on-screen text or on-screen text with narration. Across both text versions, students reported being more present in the VR condition (d = 1.30); but they learned less (d = 0.80), and had significantly higher cognitive load based on the EEG measure (d = 0.59). In spite of its motivating properties (as reflected in presence ratings), learning science in VR may overload and distract the learner (as reflected in EEG measures of cognitive load), resulting in less opportunity to build learning outcomes (as reflected in poorer learning outcome test performance).     

Is outdoor education a discipline? Insights,gaps and future directions

This article critically explores ‘if’ and ‘how’ outdoor education (OE) is a discipline. This exploration stems from our experiences that OE is often undervalued, and from the belief that if OE is considered a discipline, then it would have greater acceptance, enhanced academic standing, importance, resourcing and prestige. Our analysis is rooted in a six-component discipline model which provides a framework for examining OE in relation to commonly understood attributes of stand-alone disciplines. In this article, we examine the final three components of the model. First, we explore the reference disciplines, such as education, psychology and sociology, which inform the OE field. Second, we examine the principles and practices of risk and reflection to chart how OE’s principles and practices have evolved over time. Finally, we report on the structures that support the OE field, such as academic programmes, journals, textbooks and curriculum. We draw on a range of historical and contemporary evidence to provocate on if and how OE is a discipline. We conclude the article with a discussion of the implications of these analyses juxtaposed alongside a discipline model and the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead for OE in the context of being a discipline.     

Multimedia category preferences of working engineers

Many have argued for the importance of continuing engineering education (CEE), but relatively few recommendations were found in the literature for how to use multimedia technologies to deliver it most effectively. The study reported here addressed this gap by investigating the multimedia category preferences of working engineers. Four categories of multimedia, with two types in each category, were studied: verbal (text and narration), static graphics (drawing and photograph), dynamic non-interactive graphics (animation and video), and dynamic interactive graphics (simulated virtual reality (VR) and photo-real VR). The results showed that working engineers strongly preferred text over narration and somewhat preferred drawing over photograph, animation over video, and simulated VR over photo-real VR. These results suggest that a variety of multimedia types should be used in the instructional design of CEE content.     

Concurrent Evaluation of Customer Relationship Management and Organizational Excellence: An Empirical Study

This article concurrently studies customer relationship management (CRM ) and organizational excellence (OE ) by pursuing three goals. First, it investigates the relationship between CRM and OE ; second, it conducts a performance assessment from CRM and OE viewpoints; and third, it analyzes how each factor of CRM and each criterion of OE affects an organization's performance. To achieve the first goal, a number of hypotheses about potential relationships between CRM factors and OE criteria are proposed with the cooperation of experts and using fuzzy DEMATEL . These hypotheses are then examined using the path analysis method to find out which one is supported and which one must be rejected. Subsequently, the data envelopment analysis (DEA ) approach is employed to accomplish the second goal. Finally, a t‐test is used to achieve the third goal. To implement the research in the real world, two major international airports of Iran are considered as our survey cases.     

高校VR/AR技术人才培养路径研究

文章通过培养虚拟现实/增强现实(VR/AR)技术人才,研发VR/AR教学类产品,制定出一条有利于学校、教师、学生、社会、行业发展的高校VR/AR技术人才培养路径。第一,优化创新体系,打破学科界限,促进学生间的知识交互,推动学生知识形态螺旋式发展,形成多学科交叉汇聚、共生共享的创新研究群体。第二,完善培养体制,开展基于成果导向教育(OBE)理念的成果展示,丰富学生与教师、所开发产品使用者的互动,探索VR/AR技术体验式教学方法,拓展优质课堂内容,创新考核方式。第三,推动高层次认知、高互动、高品质的VR/AR教学类产品的成果转化与应用。     

Agreement between student achievement level and teacher judgment of student need for compensatory education

Teacher judgments of student need for compensatory education (CE) agree moderately with scores on the CTBS. If a CTBS cutting score at the 35th percentile is adopted, a near-maximum agreement rate (for about three-fourths of the students) is obtained. The accuracy of teacher judgments is not influenced by the racial/ethnic or economic characteristics of the students, extent of individualization of instruction, how students are selected for compensatory services, or teacher's training and experience.The research is based on work performed under Contract No. OE300-75-0332, with the U.S. Office of Education. The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent Office of Education positions or policy.     

Teacher deliberation within the context of Singaporean curricular change: pre- and in-service PE teachers’ perceptions of outdoor education

The study featured in this paper investigates pre- and in-service Physical Education (PE) teachers' diverse views of OE (Outdoor Education) against the backdrop of numerous curricular changes underpinning Singaporean education. We highlight the potential challenges Singaporean schools and teachers may face in implementing the newly formalized OE curriculum. Findings revealed the teachers' prioritization of high elements and adventure activities within residential camps. Then, the teachers linked these ‘risky’ and ‘unfamiliar’ activities with transferrable learning outcomes, mostly in line with students' personal and social development. The more experienced teachers in the cohort tended to advocate that OE could be situated within local school and community environs. Yet, this envisioning of OE within a place-based learning model reflected limited understanding of this concept. We conclude by suggesting that curriculum designers and teacher educators should draw upon pre- and in-service PE teachers' perceptions of OE. It is imperative that these teachers' key concerns and beliefs, which currently structure their work in this recently formalized subject area, are used to contextualize the extensive curricular change and professional learning endeavors that are being implemented by the education ministry.