Perceptions of technological,pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) among pre-service teachers in Estonia

Most countries stress that preparing quality teachers for twenty-first century students is an essential task for teacher training institutions. Besides the skills for how to teach subjects effectively, teachers should also know how to integrate digital technology into their teaching. Several studies have been done based on the TPACK framework. Some of these studies use this framework for specific subject domains. In this study a generally applicable instrument for measuring TPACK was created. The aim of the paper was to validate the created instrument and to find out how pre-service teachers perceive their technological, pedagogical and content knowledge regarding the TPACK framework in Estonia, in a technologically highly developed country where technology is broadly used in general education. Conducting factor analysis all items with technology merged into one factor meaning that young generation perceives technology already integrated with content and pedagogy. The results indicate that pre-service teachers lack pedagogical knowledge, but they perceive that they are good at integrating technology into their teaching. Differences in perceptions were also found according to gender, age and curricula.     

Exploring TPACK among pre-service teachers in Australia and Israel

The ubiquitous nature of technology in the world has not yet translated into the ubiquitous use of technology to transform learning and teaching. Teachers lack the confidence and competence to integrate technology across a broad range of tools within a range of contexts. Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) has become a common framework to explore technology within teaching and teacher education. However, little research exists to explore the similarities and differences of TPACK between different teacher education programmes, within different countries or even different disciplines, especially in a secondary context. Using a self-report online survey, this study sought to compare and contrast TPACK results from pre-service teachers studying in secondary teacher education programmes in Australia and Israel. Findings suggest that TPACK is higher in Australia, and in both countries for those students who were aged over 26. There were no significant differences between gender and disciplines reported. The paper also discusses broad-scale implications for the future of research in TPACK.     

Prompting teachers’ reflection of their professional knowledge. A proof-of-concept study of the Graphic Assessment of TPACK Instrument

Many educational technology proponents support the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) model as a way to conceptualize teaching with technology, but recent TPACK research shows a need for empirical studies regarding the development of this knowledge. This proof-of-concept study applies mixed-methods to investigate the meta-cognitive awareness produced by teachers who participate in the Graphic Assessment of TPACK Instrument (GATI). This process involves creating graphical representations (circles of differing sizes and the degree of their overlap) that represent what teachers understand to be their current and aspired TPACK. This study documented teachers’ explanations during a think-aloud procedure as they created their GATI figures. The in-depth data from two German teachers who participated in the process captured the details of their experience and demonstrated the potential of the GATI to support teachers in reflecting about their professional knowledge and in determining their own professional development activities. These findings will be informative to future pilot studies involving the larger design of the GATI process, to better understand the role of teachers’ meta-conceptual awareness, and to better ascertain how the GATI might be used to support professional development on a larger scale.     

慕课教学能促进高校教师TPACK发展吗?

基于整合技术的学科教学知识(Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge,TPACK)的研究现状分析,文章首先对TPACK要素进行了界定。随后,文章对4名高校英语教师在参与慕课教学过程中TPACK的发展进行了实证研究,结果发现:4名教师的TPACK各要素均得到了不同程度的发展,其中发展最明显的TPACK要素是整合技术的教学策略知识、整合技术的评估知识,其次是有关学生的知识和课程知识,发展最不易的是整合技术的学科教学统领观念。基于此结论,文章针对高校教师TPACK的持续发展提出了相关建议,以期助力高校教师有效整合信息技术,推进高校教学方式和教学观念的转型。     

TPACK design scaffolds for supporting teacher pedagogical change

Many empirical studies show that teachers have difficulty designing technology-integrated lessons for student-centered learning. Supporting teachers to change their pedagogical practice is a challenge faced in teacher professional development for technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). This study describes how teachers’ conceptions of pedagogical change can be supported through the use of different kinds of TPACK design scaffolds—a meaningful learning rubric, lesson design heuristics and TPACK Activity Types. The impact of these design scaffolds on the TPACK confidence and lesson design confidence of 47 teachers and instructors who were attending a graduate course in educational technology were assessed through pre and post course surveys. Expert ratings of technology-integrated lesson plans designed at the beginning and end of the course were also used to determine the extent of pedagogical change enacted. It was found that these design scaffolds had positive effects on teachers’ TPACK confidence and were useful for helping the teachers to articulate pedagogical change in their lesson designs. Participants’ feedback for improving the TPACK design scaffolds as well as guidelines for using these to support pedagogical change through TPACK professional development programmes are discussed.

     

Reconceptualizing TPACK to Meet the Needs of Twenty-First-Century Education

As technology continues developing and being integrated into all facets of society, it has a direct impact on education. In response, TPACK (Mishra & Koehler, 2006) was developed as a framework to guide how teachers think about the relationship between their knowledge of pedagogy, content, and technology. However, since its first articulation, significant changes to the technology have occurred. Plus, upon careful review, TPACK’s basis in research, selection of terms, and focus on teacher knowledge limited its usefulness. In response, research that supports TPACK’s multiple dimensions was added, which resulted in TPACK being focused on students learning twenty-first-century skills.     

Re-contextualising TPACK: exploring teachers’ (non-)use of digital technologies

Technological, pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) has been used by hundreds of studies as a theoretical framework to explore teachers’ technology use in classroom settings. While these studies have contributed to understandings of the interplay between these different knowledge domains and the differences between pre- and in-service teachers’ knowledge, little work has been done to examine the influence of teachers’ socially mediated workplace settings on TPACK enactment. This article begins to address this issue reporting findings from an eight-month case study involving 10 teachers in an Australian secondary school. Results reported in this article indicate that TPACK enactment is influenced by processes of identity development and practice. These findings challenge the established position of knowledge as an epistemological possession inherent in the TPACK framework rather than also considering knowing as an epistemology of practice. Implications for in-service teachers and school authorities are discussed and suggestions for future research considered.     

师范生TPACK知识的实证研究

师范生受国家公费政策支持,要从事中小学教育教学岗位的工作。当前信息技术发展使他们面临把信息技术整合到未来教学中的挑战。TPACK知识理论框架在对职前教师专业发展的研究方面取得了较好成果。本研究利用新加坡Chai,Koh,Tsai,＆Tan（2011）开发的TPACK量表,对我国463位大学免费师范生进行了调查。结果发现,与其他研究中职前教师的水平相比,我国免费师范生TPACK知识处于较低水平。师范生TPACK知识水平受到年级和年龄影响,但在性别方面未表现出显著差异。回归分析结果发现,二维整合知识（TCK和TPK）和单一维度知识（CK,TK和PK）均对TPACK水平存在显著贡献。教师教育机构对师范生提供ICT课程时,应考虑到如何通过加强这些基础性知识的学习来促进教师信息技术与课程整合的信心。     

TPACK框架下的教师专业素养研究

面对如何混合多种形态和不同的教育技术去促进和加强学生的学习这一挑战,Matthew J.Koehler和Punya Mishra提出教师必须获得并发展整合技术的学科教学法知识(TPACK)这一解决方案。TPACK教师知识框架引起了新时代教师专业素养要求、培养方式和策略的变化,在这种背景下笔者在河北省遵化市某中学进行了为期一学期的教师整合技术的学科教学法知识素养研究。实验表明教师应当具备与TPACK相关的7种教师专业能力素养,并通过实验证明了富有成效的五种培养策略。     

An investigation of the relationship of beliefs,values and technological pedagogical content knowledge among teachers

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among student-centred beliefs, technology value beliefs and technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) in junior high school mathematics teachers. A survey was administered to 408 teachers in Taiwan. Regression analysis results showed that teachers’ student-centred beliefs and technology values were significantly correlated with TPACK. MANOVA results found that teachers with high student-centred pedagogical beliefs may not have high technology values, and teachers with lower student-centred pedagogical beliefs may not have lower TPACK. Implications for professional development and suggestions regarding teachers’ beliefs and TPACK are discussed.     

Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Literature Using Confidence Intervals

The validity and reliability of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) as a framework to measure the extent to which teachers can teach with technology hinges on the ability to aggregate results across empirical studies. The results of data collected using the survey of pre-service teacher knowledge of teaching with technology (TKTT) were synthesized using confidence intervals (CIs). Mean pre-service teacher TPACK point estimates were characterized by graphing CIs across studies from 2009 until 2011. The results present approximations of TPACK population parameters and implications for researchers and teacher educators.     

Mediated Effects of Technology Competencies and Experiences on Relations among Attitudes Towards Technology Use,Technology Ownership,and Self Efficacy about Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge

This study examined the relations of preservice science teachers’ attitudes towards technology use, technology ownership, technology competencies, and experiences to their self-efficacy beliefs about technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). The present study also investigated interrelations among preservice teachers’ attitudes towards technology use, technology ownership, technology competencies, and experiences. The participants of study were 665 elementary preservice science teachers (467 females, 198 males) from 7 colleges in Turkey. The proposed model based on educational technology literature was tested using structural equation modeling. The model testing results revealed that preservice teachers’ technology competencies and experiences mediated the relation of technology ownership to their TPACK self efficacy beliefs. The direct relation of their possession of technology to their TPACK self efficacy beliefs was insignificant while the indirect relation through their technology competencies and experiences was significant. The results also indicated there were significant direct effects of preservice teachers’ attitudes towards technology use, technology competencies, and experiences on their TPACK self efficacy beliefs.     

少数民族师范生整合技术的学科教学知识(TPACK)调查研究

多民族是我国基本国情,利用信息技术发展民族教育是实现教育公平的重要措施,更是国家教育信息化战略的重要部署。民族教育现代化的发展关键在于提升少数民族教师队伍,特别是少数民族师范生整合技术的学科教学知识(TPACK)水平。研究以1050名南方少数民族师范生为研究对象,采用问卷调查法,辅之以访谈法,展开了针对少数民族师范生TPACK水平的调查与研究。通过描述统计分析,阐明了少数民族师范生TPACK水平的差异;通过多元回归分析,探讨了TPACK水平发展的影响因素以及相互关系。结果表明:(1)少数民族师范生TPACK知识总体水平偏低,专业学科知识有待加强;(2)少数民族师范生倾向于重视学科知识,对教学法的重要性认识不足,对信息素养缺乏信心;(3)少数民族师范生TPACK水平受到民族地区教育境脉、生源基础、课程体系等因素的影响。最后,从构建合理的少数民族师范生TPACK课程体系、改革少数民族师范生TPACK教学模式以及完善少数民族师范生TPACK发展辅助支撑系统等方面,发掘提升少数民族师范生TPACK水平的途径与策略。     

Examining practicing teachers’ perceptions of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) pathways: a structural equation modeling approach

The seven constructs of the technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) framework has been widely adopted as a theoretical basis for understanding the scope of teachers’ information and communication technology (ICT) expertise. Despite this, very little is understood about the inter-relationships between these constructs, especially how these relationships are related to teachers’ TPACK. As a result, the theory–practice nexus of this framework remains weak. In this study, a structural equation model based on Mishra and Koehler’s TPACK framework was developed to describe the TPACK perceptions of 455 practicing teachers in Singapore. The study shows that teachers, perceived TPACK to be formulated from the direct effects of technological knowledge and pedagogical knowledge. They also perceived these knowledge sources to contribute to the development of technological pedagogical knowledge and technological content knowledge, which also contributed to their TPACK. In these teachers’ conceptions of TPACK, however, the effects of content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge were not evident. The implications of these relationships to the design of teacher professional development in ICT are discussed.     

Using technology pedagogical content knowledge development to enhance learning outcomes

This paper describes an intervention in which pre-service teachers developed their TPACK through multiple data sources. Teachers’ self-reports of their TPACK knowledge were triangulated with performance-based assessment of their instructional practices and artifacts to give a better understanding and nature of pre-service teachers’ TPACK development. Although self reported measures did not correlate with pre-service teachers’ actual increased knowledge of technology integration, this study enhances better understanding of the pre-service teachers’ TPACK development through the multiple assessment measures. The learning outcome measures provide specific information and concrete representation of what pre-service teachers can actually do with technology in their TPACK development. The findings suggested multiple concerns about self-reported measures that are discussed in the framework of the TPACK instrument.     

三重视角下融合技术的学科教学知识之内涵与特征

TPACK（融合技术的学科教学知识）是信息时代全新的教师知识框架,对于理解信息化教学诉求之下的教师知识发展具有重要的意义。TPACK的知识内涵与特征,亟待更加丰富而深入的阐释。通过文献分析,首次提出了理解TPACK内涵的三重视角：在跨学科视角下,TPACK是教师对跨学科认知方式与信息技术的交互所做出的明智设计和无缝衔接;在解构视角下,TPACK是教师对信息技术与特定学科（或主题）活动和特定主题表征之间的有机融合;在纵深视角下,TPACK是教师采纳技术并使之融入学科教学的多方面进阶与渐进式改变。据此,进一步阐述了TPACK的特征为融合转化性、复杂多面性、动态层级性、实践生成性和个人创造性。     

基于关键特征的TPACK发展策略研究

TPACK具有转换性、适用性、可操性、动态性、复杂性、实践性等特征,从而使得个体TPACK图式的形成和发展具有长期性和渐进性。基于TPACK的关键特征,有针对性地发展教师TPACK的基本思路是：创造机会给教师以关注实践问题,然后寻找方式严格地选择和运用技术陈述问题,实现技术功效、内容和教学法之间的有机关联,从而发展教师的TPACK。     

小学数学教师不同发展阶段的TPACK特征分析

基于课堂观察和访谈资料,分析了小学数学新手、熟手和专家型教师TPACK的特征,并利用SPSS17.0对其TPACK特征差异进行显著性检验。结果发现,小学数学新手、熟手和专家型教师在TPACK五个维度即整合技术教授数学的统领性观念、整合技术的课程知识、整合技术的学生知识、整合技术的教学知识和整合技术的评价知识等方面都存在一定的显著性差异。基于该研究结果,提出小学数学教师TPACK发展对策,以促进不同专业发展阶段教师TPACK的发展。     

To design or to integrate? Instructional design versus technology integration in developing learning interventions

Instructional Design Knowledge (IDK) can inform technology integration decisions and Technology Pedagogy and Content Knowledge (TPACK) can help instructional design processes. As a means to understand how teachers may draw from their TPACK and IDK as they design instructions and develop technology-enhanced learning activities, we examined the final projects of two groups of teachers enrolled in graduate-level instructional design and technology courses. By using both content and social network analysis methods, we identified the IDK and TPACK components exemplified in teachers’ projects. While the content analysis revealed differences between the two groups, some findings were common across the courses such as teachers minimally connecting technology to their content areas, exhibiting limited knowledge on learning needs, and having difficulties in engaging in design thinking processes. Furthermore, the social network analysis identified various communities of the knowledge components, highlighting when teachers tended to use their IDK and TPACK as they planned technology-enhanced learning activities and were engaged in instructional design respectively.

     

TPACK视域下职业院校教师教育技术能力的培养

TPACK为改善职业院校教师的教育技术能力提供了新的视角,职业院校教师教育技术能力的提高需要将技术与学科知识、教学法知识进行整合,丰富自身的TPACK知识,即整合技术的学科教学法知识。研究认为：应当从养成技术与学习整合的统领观念、选择恰当的策略及技术、支持学生运用技术进行学习和支持有效的课程教学几个方面培养职业院校教师教育技术能力。