我国青少年乒乓球运动员非智力因素研究

根据我国青少年乒乓球运动员特定的文化、环境特点,在我国非智力因素理论相关研究的基础上,运用文献资料、专家访谈、问卷调查和数理统计等方法,以八一队、山东队等5个乒乓球专业队10岁至17岁的青少年运动员为研究对象,分析非智力因素的差异性,为乒乓球运动员的训练和科学选材提供可靠依据。研究结果表明不同性别运动员中,成就动机、运动焦虑、运动自信心三个维度上存在显著性差异;不同年龄段运动员中,运动热情有非常显著的差异;不同训练年限的运动员中,运动独立性和运动坚持性两个维度存在显著性差异;不同级别运动员中,运动热情、注意稳定性和情绪稳定性三个维度有显著性差异。各级教练员根据乒乓球运动员非智力因素的差异性,从科学选材,到有侧重的加强青少年乒乓球运动员非智力因素的培养和强化,能在科学训练中更快更好的提升乒乓球竞技水平,缩短成才周期。     

乒乓球运动员的时间知觉

根据实践观察,从心理学角度论述了乒乓球运动员时间知觉的特点,提出了提高时间知觉水平的具体方法。     

A reciprocal effects model of the temporal ordering of motivation and burnout among youth table tennis players in intensive training settings

Abstract

Using self-determination theory (SDT) (Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum) as the theoretical framework, we conducted a longitudinal investigation of the temporal ordering between motivation and burnout among youth athletes in intensive training setting. Data were collected from 145 table tennis players in intensive training centres at three time points during a 2-month period characterised by a simultaneous increase in social, physical and psychological demands for these athletes. Structural equation modelling of cross-lagged panel models was used to test the hypotheses. Results showed significant paths leading from athlete burnout – especially sport devaluation and reduced sense of accomplishment – at time 1 to amotivation, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations at times 2 and 3. Only two significant paths leading from motivation (introjected regulation at time 1) to burnout (emotional/physical exhaustion at time 2 and reduced sense of accomplishment at time 3) were identified. Overall, our results suggest that athlete burnout predicts motivation over time but motivation did not predict athlete burnout over time. Results are discussed in terms of current research findings on SDT.     

湖北省青少年男子乒乓球运动员运动素质训练监控指标的研究

根据训练过程结构的特点,依据运动素质测试指标,运用聚类分析方法,遴选出湖北省青少年男子乒乓球运动员专项运动素质训练的代表性指标,并建立运动素质训练模式与评分标准,为湖北省青少年男子乒乓球运动员运动素质的训练监控提供理论依据和监控参数.     

Tactical proficiency among table tennis players with and without intellectual disabilities

Abstract

The effect of intellectual impairment on sports performance has received limited attention by researchers. As a contribution to closing this gap, the purpose of the present investigation was to examine the differences in tactical proficiency between table tennis players with and without intellectual disabilities (ID). These groups were matched for training-volume and experience and consisted of 41 male (age = 27±8) and 30 female (age= 28±8) elite players with ID and a reference group of 12 male (age= 24±12) and 5 female (age= 20±9) players without ID. In two different test settings – one a World Championship and the other a training camp – the players in each group performed 60 semi-standardised rallies against the same opponent. Players were told that 12 sets of five identical services would be delivered, and their goal was to return the service with the intention of ‘winning the point’. The test results were validated for this study, to compute tactical proficiency scores (maximal score of eight points) for each player. A two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed significantly lower proficiency scores for players with ID than for those without ID. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that within each series of five rallies, starting with identical services, all participants were able to significantly improve their tactical proficiency gradually, but players without ID scored 4.3±0.5 from the first ball on, and while athletes with ID only 3.3±0.7 after five balls. The results of this study indicate that ID is associated with decreased tactical proficiency in table tennis.     

Energetic demand and physical conditioning of table tennis players. A study review

Table tennis is a racket sport characterised by an intermittent movement profile, including short rallies interspersed with short breaks. In contrast to other racket sports, information is lacking regarding the: (i) physiological responses during table tennis matches and training; and (ii) practical recommendations for enhancing aerobic and anaerobic performance in table tennis by improving cardio-metabolic and neuro-muscular fitness, anthropometry and nutritional strategies. Therefore, this review article attempts to narratively provide an overview of the physiology of table tennis by describing the metabolic mechanisms underlying match play and outlining a framework for practical recommendations for improving cardio-metabolic and neuro-muscular fitness, anthropometry as well as nutritional strategies. A second aim was to stimulate future research on table tennis and to point out study limitations in this context. In general, the most important finding is that the rally duration is short at around 3.5s, with a longer rest time of around 8–20s, resulting in an effort-rest ratio ranging from 0.15 to 0.22 in official matches and energetic demands during match relatively low. Future studies should focus on the relationship between energetic demand and table tennis performance with a view to predicting performance in table tennis using physiological parameters.     

优秀乒乓球运动员心理素质的自我分析

为了进一步与实证研究的结果相印证,采用质化研究的方法,对国家队顶尖级乒乓球运动员进行深度访谈并进行自我分析,结合研究者自身运动生涯的轨迹进一步探讨优秀乒乓球运动员的重要心理特质。结果表明：优秀乒乓球运动员心理素质包括表现性、乐观性、变通性、稳定性、探究性、自律性及工作专注等8项,这些心理素质对于乒乓球运动员的竞赛成绩以及专业发展有重要影响。     

乒乓球运动员优势臂肩关节旋转特征的研究

应用超声波动力学测量仪和CYBEX-6000等速测量仪分别对21名乒乓球运动员和18名普通健康大学生肩关节内、外旋活动范围(ROM)及内外旋肌力进行测量,探讨规则变化后乒乓球运动员肩关节用力特征.结果表明:乒乓球运动员优势臂的外旋活动范围明显大于非优势臂,而其优势臂的内旋活动范围则显著小于非优势臂,优势臂的整个旋转活动范围也明显小于非优势臂;对照组的优势臂和非优势臂旋转活动范围无显著差异;乒乓球运动员肩关节存在内、外旋肌力不平衡,实验组优势臂内旋IR(180°/s)、IR(300°/s)相对峰力矩明显大于非优势臂(P<0.001),优势臂外旋ER(180°/s)、ER(300°/s)峰力矩与非优势臂相比,差异不具有显著性意义(P>0.05);实验组优势臂外旋/内旋峰力矩比值(ER/IR)明显小于非优势臂.     

少儿乒乓球运动员科学选材及基础训练

业余体校和少儿培训班是对少儿乒乓运动员进行选材和培养的初级基础阶段,有着重要的启蒙指导作用.少儿乒乓球运动员科学选材的必要条件包括身体素质好、心理素质好、意志品质强、头脑灵活且手感好.少儿乒乓球训练注重基本技术的学习与训练,在初级训练过程中,动作结构和技术框架在平时的学习以及训练中逐渐形成,风格日趋显现.     

世界优秀男子网球单打选手相持阶段的技术运用分析

对2005～2007年三届上海网球大师杯14名球员的12场单打比赛中相持阶段技术运用情况进行了统计分析,研究结果表明:(1)相持阶段得失分比例较高,占整个竞技过程的1/3,是整个竞技过程的重要组成部分.(2)正、反手抽球具有强烈上旋的底线型选手,具有较好的相持能力.(3)在相持阶段对抗中,正、反手抽球、正手侧身抽球技术的得分效率,得分比例较低,使用率较高.     

Utilization of cues in action anticipation in table tennis players

ABSTRACT

By manipulating the congruency between body kinematics and subsequent ball trajectory, this study investigated the anticipation capabilities of regional-level, college-level, and novice table tennis players using a full video simulation occluder paradigm. Participants watched footage containing congruent, incongruent, or no ball trajectory information, to predict the landing point of the ball. They were required to choose between two potential locations to make their prediction. Percent accuracy and relevant indexes (d-prime, criterion, effect size) were calculated for each condition. Results indicated that experienced table tennis players (both regional and college players) were superior to novices in the ability to anticipate ball trajectory using kinematic information, but no difference was found between regional-level and college-level players. The findings of this study further demonstrate the superior anticipation ability of experienced table tennis players. Furthermore, the present result suggests that there may be a certain “baseline” level of motor experience in racquet sports for effective action anticipation, while the addition of further motor experience does not appear to assist direction anticipation.     

An analysis of competition in young tennis players

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyse the temporal structure of individual tennis play on hard courts in adolescence. Thirty-two national-level tennis players (16 females, 16 males) participated in the study (age 15.6±0.9 years, weight 61.7±1.4 kg, height 1.70±0.14 m). All participants played an official competition on hard courts and with the same type of balls. Games were recorded for later analysis of total play time, real play time, and resting time, both in absolute values and as a percentage of total time. The average duration of a point and the number of strokes per rally were also determined. Results showed no differences based on gender, with a total play time of 105.00±20.00 min, real play time of 31.50±5.83 min, and resting time of 73.5±8.50 min. The ratio of work to resting time was 1:2.7, the number of strokes per rally was 5.12±0.17, and a point lasted an average of 9.08±0.60 s. Our results show the importance of keeping in mind the technical evolution of players at this age, with the goal of reaching maximum athletic performance. The adolescent players showed approximately the same number of strokes per rally, but with a greater average duration compared with adult elite athletes.     

对优秀乒乓球运动员双打发球段战术运用的研究

采用文献资料法、专家访谈法、录像观察法、数理统计法,对优秀乒乓球运动员双打比赛发球段战术进行统计,从中找出优秀乒乓球运动员在双打比赛发球段具体战术的使用率、得分率,为乒乓球运动员的训练和比赛提供理论参考。     

我国女子乒乓球运动员个性特征研究

我国女子乒乓球运动员16项个性因素具有典型的项目特征，总体状况表现为在乐群性、聪慧性、稳定性等7个方面趋向高分特征，而在有恒性、敏感性、怀疑性等7个方面趋向低分特征。我国女子乒乓球运动员与女篮、女排运动员相比，个性表现更为热情活泼、自信好强，与女大学生相比，其个性特征表现得较为鲜明，性格更为成熟。我国女子乒乓球运动员的双重个性均属于适应型、外向型、安详机警型和果断型。     

中国优秀青年乒乓球运动员心理特征分析

以2003年1月参加中国青年奥运集训比赛的114名运动员为研究对象，深入细致地分析了不同竞技水平的男女运动员在心理方面的差异及特征。在注意力方面，女运动员3组间差异主要表现在集稳能力和三瞬指数上，男运动员3组间差异主要表现在转移能力和一瞬指数上。女运动员在思维能力上没有阳性结果，而男运动员3组间在落点判断上有明显差异，说明专项思维能力对男子乒乓球运动员来说至关重要。     

半个世纪的暖流——中日乒乓球友好交流50周年纪念图集

五十年前．中日两队之间的对抗将世界乒坛推向了高速发展的黄金时期．这期间．尽管中日两国政府的关系由于种种原因曾出现过这样或那样的波折但两国人民的友谊却如同涓涓溪流．绵长而深厚.     

Motivational profiles in table tennis players: Relations with performance anxiety and subjective vitality

ABSTRACT

Research has suggested the need to use a person-centred approach to examine multidimensionality of motivation. Guided by self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985), the primary aim of the present study was to examine the motivational profiles in table tennis players and their composition by gender, country, training status, and competition levels (from recreational to international). The secondary aim was to examine the differences in performance anxiety and subjective vitality across the motivational profiles. Participants were 281 table tennis players from multiple countries, mostly the U.S. and China. Hierarchical and nonhierarchical cluster analyses were conducted and showed three motivational profiles with distinct quantity and quality: “low”, “controlled”, and “self-determined”. Chi-square tests of independence demonstrated significant differences in their cluster membership by country, formal training with a coach, and competition levels, but not gender. MANCOVA results indicated differences in performance anxiety and subjective vitality across the motivational profiles, in which the controlled profile had the greatest anxiety symptoms. These differences are attributed to the quality over quantity of motivation, which have meaningful implications for table tennis coaches and sport psychology consultants to diagnose and intervene with players in order to reduce their performance anxiety and improve their well-being.     

A kinematic comparison between long-line and cross-court top spin forehand in competitive table tennis players

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to compare the biomechanical characteristics of the table tennis top spin shot when played cross-court (CC) or long-line (LL) in competitive table tennis players. Seven national level players respectively completed 10 long-line and 10 cross-court top spin shots responding to a standard ball machine. A stereophotogrammetric system was used to track body segments while executing the motion. Significantly more flexed right knee and elbow angles were measured at the moment of maximum velocity of the racket (MMV) in LL. In addition, significantly greater angles between the feet and the table and between the shoulders and the table at the MMV, indicated more pronounced rotation angles of the lower upper and upper-body in LL compared to CC with respect to the table. A higher inclination of the racket at the MMV was found in LL. The elbow flexion and the racket inclination may be associated to the direction of the shot. The present findings show that kinematic differences exist between the LL and the CC topspin forehand in competitive table tennis players. Coaches should be aware of these differences to adopt the optimal teaching strategies and to reproduce proper joint angles during training.     

沈阳市乒乓球爱好者参与乒乓球运动的动机研究

采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法,对沈阳市乒乓球爱好者的参与动机及满意度进行调查研究,结果显示:沈阳市乒乓球爱好者参与乒乓球运动的主要动机是增进健康,他们对乒乓球场馆的服务态度很满意,对场馆的硬件设施不满意。建议场馆管理者可以通过提升硬件设施、开设不同等级学习班、举办比赛等方式提升场馆自身的竞争力。