关于活动课程的理论与实践

随着我国社会改革与发展的不断深入,要求教育从传统的课堂教学中解放出来,把社会需求和实践活动纳入学校教育的范畴,尤其要打破分科教学的界限,享受教育者全面发展和健康发展的条件与机会.本文所引述的活动课程虽不可能取代学科课程,但提高其在教育中的地位或许更有助于教育本质的复归,更有利于促进对课程本质的再认识.     

Developmental theory and teachers' practice

Central to this paper is the question: do teachers have to use developmental theory? The discussion is in three parts. In the first two parts, two reasons for a negative reply are examined. The first reason (practice precedes theory) is shown to have support in educational discussions but is rejected on three counts: the tacit basis of knowing, the theory-laden nature of observational judgments and the prevalence of developmental aims in education. A second reason (practice has a priority over theory) is also shown to have reasonable backing, since theorising is itself a practice. There are two counter-arguments. Firstly, it is an open question whether one practice can or must be used to improve another distinct practice. Secondly, the use of theory in reflection on practice is necessary for the proper characterisation of skilful practice. In the final Section, it is argued that the specific character of teachers' practice has yet to be explored systematically. Three different interpretations of the notion of development-taken from common sense, psychometric theory and develomental psychology-are shown to be present in recent educational discussions. Reflective practice is necessary for their elaboration and evaluation.     

关联理论与翻译实践

认知语用学中的关联理论认为,语言交际本质上是一种示意一推理过程,说话人提供最大关联的信息,听话人则根据语境或认知环境对信息进行推理,挑选关联性最大的假设,获得最佳关联,正确理解说话人的意图,达到交际的成功。翻译作为一种特殊的语言交际活动,涉及三个交际者和两次示意一推理过程,应采取适当的翻译策略来帮助译文读者找到原文和译文语篇和语境之间的最佳关联,达到最佳的交际效果。     

The theory and practice of teaching

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Please note that coverage here does not preclude later fuller review .     

Language socialization in theory and practice

Language socialization research has traditionally focused on how young children are socialized into the norms and patterns of their culture by and through language. Research in this tradition has typically conceived of the process as relatively static, bounded and relatively unidirectional. This article, based on a long‐term ethnographic investigation of home language practices in Mexican‐background families in the United States, confirms the theoretical and applied limitations of such a traditional approach to language acquisition. Two narratives of Mexican‐background women in northern California, whose lives represent different circumstances and trajectories, show that language socialization is a dynamic and interactive process that extends throughout the lifespan as people come to participate in new communities, define and redefine themselves according to new roles, and either acquiesce in or challenge the definitions and role relationships formulated by others.     

Practice and theory in teaching practice

Christensen, O.Ø., “Practice and theory in teaching practice,” Revue ATEE Journal 3 (1980) 43‐48.

The thesis of this word for student teachers on their way to acquire school‐based experience is that there is no direct link between the theory of teacher education and the practice of the school. It is pointed out that, just like the school, teacher education has its own theory and practice. During teaching practice a synthesis is established between the theory‐practice relation of teacher education and that of the school. That is why it is extremely important that the teaching practice tutor should be able to: (a) give justification of his own practice when teaching children; and (b) to function as an adult educator who can argue for his own contribution towards widening the student teacher's growing perception of the teacher's role in society.     

同声传译实践与其早期理论概述

同声传译从首次出现在审判二战德国法西斯战犯的纽伦堡国际军事法庭到现在广泛运用到各种国际会议活动中,经历了从起步到大行其道的飞速发展的阶段,其理论的建构也不断的演进,从语码转换到释义理论,再到直意与意译的结合,实现了同声传译的实践与理论的交互发展。本文概述了同声传译的发展历史、工作流程及早期的理论架构。     

教育理论如何表达教育实践

教育实践是教育理论的生命之源,同时也需要教育理论的滋养。但教育理论与教育实践之间却出现了深深的裂痕乃至鸿沟,由此产生了教育理论如何表达实践的问题。教育理论要想恰当、贴切地表达实践,需要从观念叙述、实体叙述、宏大叙述及单一本质叙述转变为现实叙述、关系叙述、事件叙述及多元本质叙述。这样,教育理论才能更好地表达教育实践。     

讨论式教学的研究与实践

本文阐述了教学方法改革的重要性，总结了讨论式教学的具体操作程序，认类讨论式教学中应正确处理讲授与讨论、学生讨论与教师引导、教与学、课前与课堂、结论的封闭与开放五个关系，指出讨论式教学要体现主体教育思想，注重学生知识的外化和学生互动。     

Educology: The theory of educational practice

The relationship between psychology and education may be expressed in terms of two general models: the traditional hierarchical model, according to which psychology is the “parent” discipline; and a parallel model, in which the relationship between “pure” theory and its application is metaphoric rather than paradigmatic. The hierarchical model, however, does not hold even for such a “tight” area as behavior modification, let alone for educational practice in general.Educational practice, as a professional enterprise, should be guided by a consistent set of constructs taken from the practitioner's universe of discourse. The professionalization of education has been delayed because of attempts, mostly vain, to guide practice by applying constructs derived from other disciplines. Other disciplines, notably psychology, can be useful for education but in a metaphoric sense only. “Educology” is suggested as a convenient term for the set of constructs that should give coherence to educational decision-making.     

Internship: integrating theory and practice

This article describes a number of special features of the internship programme which has been developed at the Southern Cross University (SCU) in collaboration with the North Coast Region of the Department of School Education, the Catholic Education Office with selected primary schools. Arrangements are described for interns’ time spent in classrooms, collaborative teaching strategies which underpin these placements, the security which supports interns’ practice and approaches to integrate their practice with university studies. Processes of appraisal of interns’ development are explained, and the potential of mentoring for their teachers’ professional development is examined. Throughout the article, the congruence of these arrangements with Schools Council recommendations is considered.