Moments of Inclusion and Exclusion: pupils negotiating classroom contexts

This paper uses evidence from a small-scale study of two English primary school classrooms to examine school inclusion in its political contexts. We argue that ‘inclusion’ and ‘exclusion’ are complex processes, enacted moment-by-moment by pupils and teachers. Our focus is on the pupils' negotiation of these moments, and we examine how their negotiations are contingent on (although not determined by) a web of intersecting indices of ‘difference’, including differences of social class, ethnicity, gender/sexuality, perceived academic ability and physical appearance. We take a post-structuralist approach, well-known in feminist educational research but less often used in research and thinking about ‘inclusive’ schooling, to foreground children's active role in making sense of social conditions that are not of their own making or choice. We conclude that a politically literate understanding of the processes of inclusion and exclusion is necessary both to highlight the continuing reproduction of educational inequality, and to produce the necessary conditions for egalitarian change.     

社区矫正中的社会排斥与反社会排斥

社区矫正对象在劳动力市场、社会网络、社会保障等各个领域遭受社会排斥,它们并非孤立地产生着影响,而是相互交织地发挥着作用,一个方面遭受排斥还会引起其它方面遭受排斥的连锁反应。从而导致矫正目标发生偏离、社会秩序受到威胁、社会公正遭受侵害、法治社会难以实现的不利后果,使社区矫正制度的理念无法障显、功效无法发挥。为了使社区矫正制度的功效得到更大的发挥,消除或减弱社会排斥带来的不利后果．我们必须从转变观念、情感支持、物质帮助、提高技能、机会平等、政策保障等几个方面进行反社会排斥．这些反社会排斥的措施既是必要的也是可行的,只有这种整体的观念才能使社区矫正制度不会孤军奋战。     

The sociology of pupils

In France the sociology of pupils has for a long time been reduced to the study of social inequalities in connection with proximity or distance from teacher expectations. Recent transformations of the educational system, and especially the fact that working-class pupils now attend secondary schools and even higher education in considerable proportions, have brought about a change in researchers' perspectives. Pupils are less defined by their role as élève than by the way in which, as individuals, they construct and make sense of their school experience. This subjective mechanism must, however, be understood by taking into account that in France school institutions and society in general distribute social and cultural resources unequally and thus create what may be called ‘ordeals’ for pupils to overcome.     

道德排他主义与“陌生人”伦理

＂熟人道德＂、道德＂亲密圈＂等提法,真实表达了我国传统伦理生活中的排他主义倾向。所谓道德排他主义,就是在伦理生活中优先考虑自己、家人和朋友,对他人尤其是匿名的陌生人表现出怀疑、拒斥或极度的不信任,其中蕴含着＂道德中的不道德＂之内在悖论。建构社会整体的信用体系,需要调整个体道德心理结构,以积极的心态认同和接纳陌生人,以刚性的法律和制度约束陌生人间的关系。这是超越和提升圈子型道德思维,克服道德排他主义悖论,创建以相互尊重和平等为基础的陌生人伦理,提升人类伦理生活品位的关键。     

Decentralisation and Combating Educational Exclusion

The main question in our study was: which success factors and obstacles can be expected in the Netherlands when implementing a new, decentralised policy relating to educational disadvantage? Part of this research was to look at international experiences of decentralised policies to combat educational disadvantage. Thus three countries were studied in this context and their policies analysed and compared via a literature study and interviews with various experts. In this article we first report on changes in Dutch policy to combat educational disadvantage and then we describe the decentralised educational-disadvantage approach in the three countries chosen: England/Wales, the United States and Australia. Evaluation of the processes and results in these countries leads to predictions of the success of the Dutch policy reforms.     

梯子的排斥和标号

图G的排斥和数ε（G）是使得G∪nK1是排斥和图的非负整数n的最小值.图Ln×K2称为梯子.本文给出了梯子的排斥和标号,从而证明了梯子的排斥和数等于3.     

漂浮物的相互吸引和排斥

有一位邻居向我询问一件事情:他在家里与儿子玩小船模型时,发现漂浮在水面上的两个泡沫小船有相互吸引的现象,这在物理学方面如何解释?是不是我们说的万有引力的作用?因为问题太突然我一时无言以对,只是告诉他万有引力不会有那么大,不能使两个小船产生明显的吸引现象.对于该问题我通过反复琢磨反复实验,发现原来是液体的表面张力所起的作用,液体的表面张力不仅能够使漂浮物相互吸引,而且还可产生相互排斥.下面就液体的表面张力对漂浮物的相互排斥和吸引进行其力学分析.     

漂浮物的相互吸引和排斥

有一位邻居向我询问一件事情:他在家里与儿子玩小船模型时,发现漂浮在水面上的两个泡沫小船有相互吸引的现象,这在物理学方面如何解释?是不是我们说的万有引力的作用?因为问题太突然我一时无言以对,只是告诉他万有引力不会有那么大,不能使两个小船产生明显的吸引现象。对于该问     

The experiences of disabled pupils and their families

In this article, Ann Lewis, Professor of Education at the University of Birmingham, and Ian Davison, Jean Ellins, Louise Niblett, Sarah Parsons, Christopher Robertson and Jeremy Sharpe from the research team provide a summary of discussions and selected recommendations arising from four linked projects run between 2004 and 2006. The projects were funded by the Disability Rights Commission (DRC) and looked into the experiences of disabled pupils and their families across England, Scotland and Wales. A central aim of the research was to identify the key concerns and priorities in relation to their experiences of education for children and young people with special educational needs (SEN) or disabilities and their families in the UK. The research encompassed a UK-wide parent survey (N=1776); in-depth case studies of individual children and young people (N=36); group case studies (of, for example, school councils) (N=3); and a series of project advisory groups involving disabled people. Underlying these aspects was an emphasis on the importance and validity of hearing directly from (potentially all) children and young people themselves. Thus the work meshes closely with initiatives worldwide concerning the recognition of children's'voice'in matters that concern them. The authors are not aware of any comparable evidence which focuses in-depth on a wide cross-section of pupils with disabilities or special needs and their families in the UK-wide educational context and which is located alongside concurrent authoritative data concerning the views of parents and carers.     

Education of gifted pupils in Hungary

where she directs the Department of Didactics. Main research interests: the teaching and learning process; curriculum theory; educational evaluation.     

Teaching pupils of qualitatively differing cognitions

The processus involved in the block design test were analysed from a cognitive, information processing view-point. To infer the existence and nature of processes, we analysed the subjects' strategies for solving the problems of the test. We filmed the subjects while they performed the WISC R block design test and then we analysed the video-tapes. For each item and each subject, we obtain series of manipulations, which were coded and formalised, constituting a protocol. The analysis of protocols brings to evidence wide differences of strategies, associated with differences of the processes involved in solving the test's problems. This could explain the heterogeneity of the correlations between the block design test and the other tests of intelligence. Nevertheless, if we want to detect routinely individual strategies and processes, we'll have to automatize the registration, coding and analysis of performances.     

A mathematical camp for bright pupils

The purpose of this paper is to present briefly the idea of a mathematical camp for bright pupils and to consider some features of the activities on such a camp.Investigations carried out in the period of 1980–1982 have allowed us to establish a list of activity forms, found to be the most effective, to recommend for use on mathematical camps for bright pupils.