创业者决策逻辑的形成机制研究:中美创业行为的比较

创业环境中充满不确定性,创业者如何决策是一个非常值得探讨的话题。从创业者的心理活动出发,文章探索了创业者决策逻辑的形成机制,构建一个理论模型,并对中美创业者的创业行为进行了比较。通过对中国171份样本和美国116份样本数据进行结构方程模型实证分析之后发现,换位思考和创业激情是创业者决策逻辑的重要前端影响因素,而自我效能在换位思考和创业激情与创业者决策逻辑的关系中发挥着中介作用。通过跨国检验,表明理论模型具有普遍意义。文章深化创业者决策逻辑的形成机制研究,结论有助于创业者更科学地掌握决策逻辑。     

最佳说明的推理及其科学实在论辩护

“最佳说明的推理”是一种依据假说给证据的说明程度来确定假说合理性的推理。它认为,理论在说明上的那种“最佳”状态描述了理论的经验适当性,即“最佳”的理论是趋真的,理论实体的预言空白得到了填充。这样,IBE既可被看做是对科学理论发明和科学推理过程的正确刻画,又被赋予了给由它所带来的结论以认识论上的保证,在科学实在论上具有重要的辩护作用。     

从"产后热"案例分析看波普尔假说观的局限性

文章以"产后热"案例分析为例,探讨了医学研究中假说生成和演化的基础及逻辑性,重新评估了经验在科学研究中的重要地位和作用,认为波普尔所强调的假说形成的非经验性、非逻辑性观点过于极端,与经验科学中实际科研工作进展不相符合.分析表明,至少在医学、地质学等学科中,假说的生成和演化有其前提、基础和内在逻辑关联.     

效果逻辑形成机制研究:自我效能的中介作用

效果推理逻辑为不确定环境下的决策问题提供崭新的思路和方法,近年来引起学者们的高度关注。本研究通过借鉴Bandura的社会学习理论,将自我效能引入决策理论研究,分析不确定环境下效果推理逻辑形成机制。基于132份调查问卷的结构方程模型实证研究发现：过往成就、替代经验以及创业激情对效果推理有显著的正向影响,自我效能对效果推理有显著的正向影响,自我效能在过往成就和替代经验对效果推理的影响作用中起到完全中介作用,在创业激情对效果推理的影响作用中起到部分中介作用。本研究的结果说明对于创业者而言,拥有创业经验并非运用效果推理逻辑的唯一条件,还可以通过获得替代经验以及凭借自身的创业激情而提升自我效能感从而运用效果推理逻辑进行决策。     

经济利益圆周模型:对经济合作行为的理论解释

以经济学中最基本的经济人假说为逻辑起点,通过对经济人有限理性的精确化表述和动态化分析,提出经济利益圆周假说,然后以此为基础构造经济利益圆周模型,用于揭示经济合作行为形成与发展的一般规律,为实践中的各种经济合作行为提供一个理论分析框架。     

操作,幼儿学习数学的重要途径

操作学习的基本方式之一就是动手操作。动手操作就是幼儿通过外部的动作来学习有关的数学知识,从而达到主体自身动作与数学知识的协调,在摆弄物品的过程中自我发现知识,理解数的概念,建立知识结构。根据皮亚杰的理论,逻辑数理经验是在动手操作中形成的。要真正消除抽象的数理逻辑经验与幼儿思维的直觉行动性和具体形象性之间的矛盾,必须引用“操作”这一中介,在动手操作中形成概念。     

溯因思维中的概念链接生成

皮尔士等人揭示的溯因推理形式不是形成解释性假说的程序、逻辑运作或逻辑形式,而是假说形成后的论证推理形式。溯因中存在有规则的、连贯的概念链接关系。溯因首先是对所观察到的现象或其部分进行概念化,得到其所属的概念模式;然后根据所得的概念模式在已知领域搜寻与之关联的现象概念模式,得到另一概念模式;后面一个概念模式要么就是观察到的现象的原因假说,要么就是所观察到的对象的属性假说。     

假说的作用及其检验

假说是对未知的自然现象及其规律性的一种科学的推测,假说是建立和发展科学理论的桥梁,几乎所有的科学理论,在其探索和完全确立的过程中,都要先经过假说阶段,通过科学假说而达到真理。不同假说的争鸣有利于学术繁荣,假说是科学性和猜测性或假定性的辩证统一,实践是检验假说真理性的标准。     

假说的作用及其检验

假说是对未知的自然现象及其规律性的一种科学的推测,假说是建立和发展科学理论的桥梁,几乎所有的科学理论,在其探索和完全确立的过程中,都要先经过假说阶段,通过科学假说而达到真理。不同假说的＂争鸣＂有利于学术繁荣,假说是科学性和猜测性或假定性的辩证统一,实践是检验假说真理性的标准。     

科学假说：通向真理的桥梁

一提起科学假说,有的人往往不以为然,认为既然是假说,就不是真理,没有什么价值。其实,科学假说是通向真理的先导和桥梁。几乎所有的科学理论,在其探索和完全确立的过程中,都要先经过假说阶段,通过科学假说而达到真理。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence