ISO9000标准的扩散过程研究

利用维普数据库资料和实证调查数据,研究了质量管理标准ISO9000在我国的扩散问题。文章发现,ISO9000在我国的扩散经历了4个阶段,目前处于一种稳步发展阶段。文章发现在过去的16年中,我国企业的技术创新能力持续增长,国家加入WTO的行动加速了这种能力的提高。文章还发现,中国农业部门技术创新能力低,其主要原因是缺乏贸易推动。     

Convergence and polarization in global income levels: a review of recent results on the role of international technology diffusion

We review the recent literature on technological change and diffusion to shed new light on the evolution of the world’s cross-country income distribution. Technology is viewed as non-rival knowledge in the sense that firms in more than one country can simultaneously use it. R&D investments generate often also a return outside the innovating firm itself; these knowledge externalities are called technology spillovers. We emphasize that technology is to some extent tacit, and technology diffusion often involves the face-to-face interaction of people. Our paper reviews the evidence on whether international trade, foreign direct investment, and other cross-border activities are important for technology diffusion.     

Externalities of openness in innovation

Discussion of open innovation has typically stressed the benefits to the individual enterprise from boundary-spanning linkages and improved internal knowledge sharing. In this paper we explore the potential for wider benefits from openness in innovation and argue that openness may itself generate positive externalities by enabling improved knowledge diffusion. The potential for these (positive) externalities suggests a divergence between the private and social returns to openness and the potential for a sub-optimal level of openness where this is determined purely by firms’ private returns. Our analysis is based on Irish plant-level panel data from manufacturing industry over the period 1994–2008. Based on instrumental variables regression models our results suggest that externalities of openness in innovation are significant and that they are positively associated with firms’ innovation performance. We find that these externality effects are unlikely to work through their effect on the spread of open innovation practices. Instead, they appear to positively influence innovation outputs by either increasing knowledge diffusion or strengthening competition. Our evidence on the significance of externalities from openness in innovation provides a rationale for public policy aimed at promoting open innovation practices among firms.     

Completion of knowledge codification: an illustration through the ISO 9000 standards implementation process

This paper looks at the role played by the ISO 9000 registration process in contributing to the knowledge codification within the firms. The ISO 9000 standards concern the way a company should elaborate a quality system by providing guidelines and models. They are considered as a code, i.e. a common language, which leads to communication and industrial relationship. This paper focuses on how this code might be used within the firms to enhance knowledge codification. It explains the standards implementation process by studying the three steps needed to complete codification within the firm: (1) the starting point of the implementation; (2) the subject of the codification, that means the material and behavioural characteristics of the production process; (3) the impact of the ISO 9000 implementation on knowledge accumulation within the firm. This paper addresses the fact that the ISO implementation is related to knowledge codification through a learning process, which includes both individual and collective knowledge conversions.     

基于QAP分析的国际知识流动影响要素研究——以光伏产业为例

当前全球经济一体化进程的加快,使得企业间国际知识流动的重要性日益凸显。同时我国正实施以市场为主导的创新驱动发展战略,期望实现由传统技术追赶向国际前沿创新的模式转型,越来越多的新兴产业企业正面临着高度国际化而政府干预较少的市场化竞争,而这些企业的国际知识流动也开始出现了复杂网络化的新形势。由此,通过构建基于企业知识基础观的国际知识流动分析框架,探讨这些国际化程度较高但政府规制较少的特定情境下新兴产业的国际知识流动及内在影响机制。通过以光伏产业为例,构建了37家企业的国际专利引用知识网络,利用检验关系数据的QAP分析法验证了企业的内外部因素7个变量对国际知识流动的影响。研究结果表明,我国光伏企业高度参与了国际知识流动,而专利家族布局相似性、RD强度相似性及技术相似性正向促进国际知识流动;企业员工规模相似性反向影响国际知识流动;利润率相似性、固定资产规模相似性以及产业环境相似性对国际知识流动没有显著影响。     

贸易自由化与企业雇佣技能结构

    贸易自由化与就业是国际贸易的核心问题,然而对贸易自由化如何影响企业雇佣技能结构的研究却很少。本文基于世界银行对中东欧和中亚地区26个国家营商环境调查的企业水平数据,考察了贸易自由化对企业雇佣技能结构的影响。结果表明贸易自由化会促使企业雇佣更高比例的高技能劳动力,其影响机制主要是贸易自由化会加剧市场竞争和产业结构升级进而加强了企业对高技能劳动力的需求。本文结论意味着贸易自由化促进了企业雇佣技能结构改善,提高了劳动力市场的配置效率,进而间接给出了贸易自由化导致国民福利改进的一种新的途径。     

The Evolution of the Digital Computation Industry

All industries are based upon a core of knowledge. Economic evolution is the growth of this knowledge as an experimental and path-dependent process involving markets, firms, finance, entrepreneurship, and often substantial uncertainty. In the set of industries associated with information technology, the core of knowledge is programmable digital computation (PDC). In this paper, we outline the origins and development of PDC, and in particular the path from the mainframe industry to the PC. We tell this story in order to highlight a number of salient features about the relationship between competition and evolution. First, the predominant form of competition was not focused about competitive pricing in existing markets, but rather for the creation of new markets and therefore monopoly positions. Second, as the IBM story demonstrates, this involved leveraging competencies between markets, often deliberately destroying a market in order to create a new one. Third, as the hacker tradition illustrates, much of the entrepreneurial development of the industry came from the users, due to their close conception of the technological possibilities and opportunities. Fourth, we highlight the overarching importance of the setting of standards (by fiat, by self-organization, or by monopoly) and the role this has in reducing uncertainty. We offer some policy and management lessons based upon this analysis.     

Extreme case learning: the manager perspective on rare knowledge and capabilities development

International strategy is enhanced by organizations’ ability to learn in host markets; yet, it remains ambiguous how post-entry knowledge gaps between home – and host country shape MNE’s absorptive capacity. This article builds on the specific contributions of ‘extreme case’ internationalization to advance literature in this field. We foster the understanding of the role of rare knowledge and the mechanisms that link knowledge acquisition to absorptive capacity dynamics used in the internationalization path of multinational enterprises (MNEs). We opt for in-depth qualitative research into the post-entry phase of ‘extreme’ (thus particularly crude) international joint venture (IJV) investment, and analyze the perspective of managers from a developed economy MNE located in a high-risk, weak-institutions host country. The firm’s absorptive capacity and its interaction with external environments that are categorized into four distinct contexts are found to be contingent upon pro-active experiential learning, concurrent to managerial willingness and simultaneous organizational commitments to learning and to exploiting rare knowledge. We thus uncover managerial perceptions of a knowledge gap identified as host-country challenges and resulting managerial solutions, which reveal rare learning opportunities and knowledge exploitation dynamics. The capacity to compensate for knowledge gaps is a critical key within the design and consolidation of an alternative internationalization path for developed-country MNEs. This challenges the traditional risk–return–commitment dependencies in prior literature.     

东道国政策设置与跨国公司进入模式选择的经济学分析

当前越来越多的国际贸易协定制约了东道国政府贸易政策的使用。相对而言，约束东道国政府FDI政策使用的国际协议较少。本文通过对国内公司、跨国公司及东道国政府三者之间的博弈模型分析表明：即使东道国政府在可自由设置其贸易政策（或FDI政策），而另一种FDI政策（或贸易政策）受到制约的情况下，其均衡政策也不会扭曲跨国公司进入模式；而且在给定的自由贸易政策约束下，东道国的FDI政策主要起到一种分配作用，即通过这种FDI政策可使得东道国政府从外国投资者身上获得额外租金。     

The nexus between innovativeness and knowledge management: A focus on firm performance in the hospitality sector

While the importance of knowledge management is increasingly acknowledged, many firms do not fully understand the significance of innovativeness in relation to knowledge management and firm performance. Consequently, the objective of this article is to investigate innovativeness and its relationship with knowledge management and organizational performance in an under-examined industry sector and country context. The study methodology was survey-based and took place in the hospitality industry sector in Lesotho, Africa. Findings highlight the importance of knowledge management practices as an important driver of firm performance, where the results emphasize the positive mediating effect of innovativeness on the relationship between knowledge management and firm performance. The study has important practitioner and policy implications, where it is recommended that knowledge management be utilized in conjunction with innovativeness so as to positively influence firm performance. The article delivers a novel contribution to the literature in terms of establishing empirical associations between knowledge management, innovativeness and firm performance in an emerging country context.     

自主创新为何需要开放? ———基于行动者网络理论对华为 5G 技术创新的研究

“脱钩论”背景下，企业自主创新中自主性与开放性的关系需要从理论上进行说明。传统创新研究大多基于扩散模型进行，认为自主性是技术先验的内在属性，因而也就无需解释自主性与开放性的关系。但在行动者网络理论视域下，自主创新是基于转译模型进行的，技术的属性并不是先验的，而是由参与其中的行动者共同定义的。基于转译模型对华为5G技术创新的研究表明，技术创新的自主性可以分为两个方面：一方面，创新主体要依靠累积循环将知识带回，并作为累积循环的中心对知识进行重新定义；另一方面，创新主体要在技术商业化的过程中，通过与其他行动者的开放性磋商，使相关技术成为行业的国际标准，界定“强制性通道”。这两个方面体现了企业作为技术创新主体对其他行动者的支配性力量，这种力量的行使必须在与其他行动者的开放性互动中才能实现。在此意义上，企业技术创新的自主性是在开放性中生成的。     

Edwin Mansfield’s contributions to the economics of technology

Edwin Mansfield’s contributions to the economics of technology are summarized from the early 1960s through his death in 1997. Mansfield’s methodology is discussed, as are his contributions on: the diffusion of technical innovation, the effect of firm size on innovation, the role of academic and basic research in increasing innovation and productivity, international technology transfer and the inaccuracy of technological forecasts. The economics profession’s evaluation of the relative importance of Mansfield’s work is presented, using as evidence citation counts of his works collected from the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI). Identified as among Mansfield’s most important contributions are his work on the importance of academic research for industrial innovations, his empirical estimation of the rates of diffusion of different innovations, and his estimation of the private and social returns from investments in industrial innovations. Finally, we present Mansfield’s advice on the future of the economics of technology.     

ISO9000与国际贸易

本文分析了ＩＳＯ９０００质量管理与质量保证系列标准与国际贸易的关系,指出了ＩＳＯ９０００系列标准的建立及发展与国际贸易发展的一致性,并讨论了ＩＳＯ９０００系列标准对国际贸易产生的推动作用及其所受到的批评。最后,对我国实施ＩＳＯ９０００标准提出了几点建议。     

Knowledge systematisation,reconfiguration and the organisation of firms and industry: The case of design

The paper explores two pathways that are crucial for making knowledge economically useful – knowledge systematisation and knowledge reconfiguration – and analyses how their interplay enables the emergence of a new business function or activity. Knowledge systematisation is the abstraction and diffusion of operative principles to the effect of expanding to broader remits practices that had been initially conceived for a narrow purpose. Knowledge reconfiguration involves the conversion and formalisation of these novel practices within existing firm and industry organisation. Using the design activity as a lens, and drawing on primary and secondary interviews and archival data on the home furnishing sectors in Italy, our case study articulates the processes that facilitate the abstraction of general rules from novel practices and the changes that are necessary, both within firm and industry organisation, to foster their diffusion.     

强制性认证对茶叶质量保证作用的研究——以六堡茶为例

目的：探讨各种强制性认证对茶叶质量的保证作用。方法：通过国际通行标准对食品卫生、安全的定义,以及我国茶叶相关法规及标准对茶叶质量的要求等方面分析：产品标准的规定是不全面的,而认证则是对其不足的必不可少的补充;阐述茶叶类食品行业的食品生产许可、地理标志、出口备案等强制性官方认证的要求、差别,以及其对茶叶质量的保证作用。结果：判断认证有效性及其对茶叶质量的保证作用,要具体企业具体分析,企业内部因素起决定性作用。结论：对茶叶类食品而言,食品生产许可、地理标志、出口备案等强制性官方认证的要求及保证作用依次提高。     

Growing through copying: The negative consequences of innovation on franchise network growth

We explore how more exactly copying a blueprint for establishing a franchise network in a new country influences franchising network growth. We test opposing hypotheses using panel data involving the transfer of franchising knowledge to 23 different countries, measuring the degree to which master licensees ‘copy exactly’ knowledge concerning how to grow a network in their country and the effect that their approach has on subsequent network growth. We conclude that a strategy of copying more exactly seems to enhance growth and that the benefits of more exactly replicating knowledge in the 1st year of a local network’s existence persist for several years. Thus, innovation, in this specific context, seems to hinder firm growth.     

Strategic interactions in public R&D across European countries: A spatial econometric analysis

The paper adds to the existing literature on the determinants of government spending in Research and Development (R&D) by considering the role of strategic interactions among countries as one of the possible competing explanations, within a spatial econometric framework. We account for several factors affecting national levels of public R&D spending, including (i) the international context – i.e. Lisbon strategy; (ii) country characteristics – level of private R&D, GDP, trade openness and the National System of Innovation; (iii) countries’ similarities in relation to (a) trade and economic size and (b) sectoral specialization. The analysis is carried out on 14 European countries. First, we find that factors traditionally affecting the level of public R&D expenditure, such as the scale of the national economy, trade openness, sectoral specialization and private R&D, significantly influence the level of public R&D in European countries between 1994 and 2006. Interestingly, the introduction of the Lisbon strategy does not seem to have affected changes in the levels of public R&D spending. Second, by using different weight matrices, we confirm the existence of strategic interactions in relation to R&D spending among European countries with similar economic, international trade and sectoral structure characteristics, though not geographically close.     

基于制度分析与发展(IAD)框架的先行先试政策推广评估理论研究——以国家大数据(贵州)综合试验区为例

在充分考量当前先行先试政策研究在政策实施效果和推广评估以及普适性方法论不足等缺口的基础上,基于制度分析与发展(IAD)框架,从先行先试政策的行动舞台、外部变量、互动模式、评估准则、结果等方面提出普适性的先行先试政策推广评估理论模型;在此基础上,以国家大数据(贵州)综合试验区的先行先试政策为例开展案例研究,从大数据制度创...     

创新扩散驱动下的全球产业结构进化-基于Agent的模拟

基于自主体模拟（Agent-based Simulation, ABS）方法,本文将微观尺度上多区域间企业创新扩散和宏观尺度上产业发展联系起来,构建一个从异质性企业出发,到区域产业结构进化的解释框架,来探索创新扩散驱动下的全球产业结构进化,以期为制定创新驱动发展的全球经济产业治理政策提供一定的基础理论依据。主要研究发现：首先,对于全球各国家或者地区而言,过程创新更有利于推动其第二产业发展,而产品创新则更有利于驱动其产业结构向第三产业发展。而模拟研究则显示近年来全球产业结构进化主要受到来自过程创新和产品创新的共同推动。其次,本文进一步研究还发现：未来一段时间内（2012-2030年）,对于中国、俄罗斯和印度等发展中国家来说,第一产业的产出份额在国民经济中下降趋势更为明显,分别约减少了6.12%、0.67%和1.23%。中国第三产业的产出份额上升趋势最为显著,增加了约6.15%,其次是美国（4.20%）和俄罗斯（0.84%）。而就第二产业的产出份额而言,除美国和俄罗斯等地外,其他地区的份额均有所上升。     

Factors affecting university-industry R&D projects: The importance of searching, screening and signalling

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the determinants of research cooperation between firms and Public research organisations (PROs) for a sample of innovating small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The econometric analysis is based on the results of the KNOW survey carried out in seven EU countries during 2000. In contrast to earlier works that provide information about the importance of PROs’ research, we know the number of firm/PRO collaborative research and development (R&D) projects. This allows us to study the determinants of firm collaboration with PROs in terms of both the propensity of a firm to undertake R&D projects with a university (do they cooperate or not) and the extent of this collaboration (number of R&D projects). Two questions are addressed. Which firms cooperated with PROs? And what are the firm characteristics that might explain the number of R&D projects with PROs? The results of our analysis point to two major phenomena. First, the propensity to forge an agreement with an academic partner depends on the ‘absolute size’ of the industrial partner. Second the openness of firms to the external environment, as measured by their willingness to search, screen and signal, significantly affects the development of R&D projects with PROs. Our findings suggest that acquiring knowledge through the screening of publications and involvement in public policies positively affects the probability of signing an agreement with a PRO, but not the number of R&D projects developed. In fact, firms that outsource research and development, and patent to protect innovation and to signal competencies show higher levels of collaboration.