运动、个体性特征与心脏自主功能

耐力训练能够降低静息状态下和次强度运动下的心率,但是最大心率只是轻微下降或保持不变.近来的研究结果支持这一假说:评定自主神经系统的功能能够获得有氧训练刺激前、中和后关于急性或长期生理变化过程重要的信息;日常评定自主神经系统的功能活性能够为个体有氧训练适宜的生理条件提供指示.     

运动与自主神经的心肌保护效应

运动作为一种很好的心脏保护方式,对心血管系统的潜在效应是复杂而矛盾的.自主神经功能调节与心血管疾病密切相关.提高迷走张力,维持自主神经平衡对于心血管疾病的治疗、康复及预防都至关重要.但运动对自主神经的心肌保护作用及机制是什么,不同运动强度、方式对心肌自主神经功能调节的影响规律还不清楚.     

大学生锻炼动机对锻炼行为的影响：锻炼投入的中介作用

目的探讨锻炼投入在锻炼动机与行为之间的中介作用。方法选取1 200名大学生为调查对象,采用锻炼动机量表简化版、大学生体育锻炼投入自评量表、体育锻炼等级量表进行问卷调查。结果与结论锻炼投入的活力坚持在锻炼动机和行为之间具有完全中介作用(β=0.49,p<0.001),锻炼投入的专注满足(β=0.32,p<0.001)、价值认知(β=0.19,p<0.001)、参与自主(β=0.19,p<0.001)在锻炼动机和行为之间具有部分中介作用。中介效应由高到低依次为:活力坚持、专注满足、价值认知、参与自主。     

健身时间与锻炼效果的分析

文章从昼夜交替、自然变化的角度,就人体的生理机能、空气质量、季节特点、运动项目、持续时间、运动者的年龄这几个方面,探讨促进身体健康的最佳锻炼时间。     

Exercise immunology: Future directions

Several decades of research in the area of exercise immunology have shown that the immune system is highly responsive to acute and chronic exercise training. Moderate exercise bouts enhance immunosurveillance and when repeated over time mediate multiple health benefits. Most of the studies prior to 2010 relied on a few targeted outcomes related to immune function. During the past decade, technologic advances have created opportunities for a multi-omics and systems biology approach to exercise immunology. This article provides an overview of metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics as they pertain to exercise immunology, with a focus on immunometabolism. This review also summarizes how the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota can be influenced by exercise, with applications to human health and immunity. Exercise-induced improvements in immune function may play a critical role in countering immunosenescence and the development of chronic diseases, and emerging omics technologies will more clearly define the underlying mechanisms. This review summarizes what is currently known regarding a multi-omics approach to exercise immunology and provides future directions for investigators.     

长期有氧运动一次性运动和瘦素

本文综述了当前运动对Lepfin效应的主要研究工作。Lepfin是近年发现的能量平衡调节的激素，是Ob基因的表达产物。运动对Leptin水平的影响表现在：长期有氧运动可降低血Lepfin浓度，减少脂肪组织Ob基因的表达，而一次性运动对Lepdn表达和其血中浓度的影响研究结果不一。运动的这些效应可能依赖于运动负荷量和运动时间。     

Exercise in the heat: challenges and opportunities

Exercise in the heat poses a formidable challenge to the body's ability to control its internal environment due to the high rates of metabolic heat production and heat gain by physical transfer from the environment. In an attempt to restrict the rise in core temperature, an increased rate of sweat secretion onto the skin is invoked. This may limit the rise in core temperature, and can prolong the time before a limiting temperature is attained, but it does so at the cost of a loss of body water and electrolytes. The effects of the diminished blood volume are offset to some extent by cardiovascular adaptations, including an increased heart rate and an increased peripheral resistance, but these are insufficient to maintain functional capacity when blood volume is reduced. Prior dehydration will impair performance in both prolonged exercise and short-term high-intensity exercise. Athletes living and training in the heat may experience chronic hypohydration due to inadequate replacement of fluid losses. The negative consequences of exercise in the heat are attenuated to some extent by a period of adaptation, and by the ingestion of water or other appropriate fluids. Optimum fluid replacement strategies will depend on the exercise task, the environmental conditions and the individual physiological characteristics of the athlete. Manipulation of pre-exercise body temperature can also influence exercise performance and may be a strategy that can be used by athletes competing in stressful environments.     

Exercise in the heat: challenges and opportunities

Exercise in the heat poses a formidable challenge to the body's ability to control its internal environment due to the high rates of metabolic heat production and heat gain by physical transfer from the environment. In an attempt to restrict the rise in core temperature, an increased rate of sweat secretion onto the skin is invoked. This may limit the rise in core temperature, and can prolong the time before a limiting temperature is attained, but it does so at the cost of a loss of body water and electrolytes. The effects of the diminished blood volume are offset to some extent by cardiovascular adaptations, including an increased heart rate and an increased peripheral resistance, but these are insufficient to maintain functional capacity when blood volume is reduced. Prior dehydration will impair performance in both prolonged exercise and short-term high-intensity exercise. Athletes living and training in the heat may experience chronic hypohydration due to inadequate replacement of fluid losses. The negative consequences of exercise in the heat are attenuated to some extent by a period of adaptation, and by the ingestion of water or other appropriate fluids. Optimum fluid replacement strategies will depend on the exercise task, the environmental conditions and the individual physiological characteristics of the athlete. Manipulation of pre-exercise body temperature can also influence exercise performance and may be a strategy that can be used by athletes competing in stressful environments.     

红细胞免疫:运动时的变化及其意义

不同的运动强度红细胞免疫功能有不同的变化；热环境影响红细胞的免疫功能；进行营养素补充对改善红细胞免疫功能有一定的影响．     

运动与糖皮质激素

综述了有关运动与糖皮质激素的研究进展，１．运动与高原训练可引起血中糖皮质激素水平显著升高，并与运动强度有很大关系，而与运动总量和持续时间相关性较小；２．过量糖皮质激素可导致肌肉萎缩，对其发生的机制有新的认识，而运动能否有效预防和治疗该性质的肌肉萎缩，尚有争议；３．有关运动引起糖皮演激素分泌水平改变对机体免疫的影响及其机制。     

金属硫蛋白与运动

本文对金属硫蛋白的诱导性,金属硫蛋白与运动的关系,以及外源性补充金属硫蛋白进行综述,并对金属硫蛋白的研究方向进行了展望,以期将金属硫蛋白应用于运动人体科学当中,使之成为一种营养补剂,造福于运动人群。     

瘦素与运动

瘦素是由脂肪组织分泌的具有增加能量消耗、减少食物摄取、减少体脂、控制体重和调节能量平衡的一种激素,与体脂含量密切相关,其分泌受多种因素影响。急性运动对血中瘦素的影响有不变和下降的不同结果;长期运动训练可降低血瘦素的含量,这是由于体脂量的下降所致。运动对血瘦素的效应存在着延时性。     

运动和MicroRNAs

运动通过增加机械负荷或代谢应激可诱导不同的适应,从而调节生理系统的功能,如骨骼肌、心血管和神经系统.MicroRNAs（miRNA）是非编码、小分子mRNA,作为基因转录后的阻遏物.MicroRNAs通过直接阻遏或降解mRNA,沉默mRNA转录,最终影响蛋白的丰度.实验研究业已发现耐力和力量练习,骨骼肌特异miRNA的表达变化.在运动方面研究MicroRNAs分子行为可助于认识运动治疗的作用.     

运动与变态反应

体育运动可有多种变态反应性疾病发生，如运动性过敏症（ＥＩＡ）、胆碱能性荨麻疹（ＣＵ）等。介绍了此类疾病的病因、发病机理、临床表现、诊断及防治方面的研究进展。这对于全面了解此类疾病、作出正确诊断和有效防治具有实用意义。     

运动与脂联素

就运动与脂联素的关系进行了综述。旨在探讨脂联素与能量代谢的关系,分子信号传导途径及运动对脂联素的影响,并探讨脂联素和运动中肌肉来源的白细胞介素-6在肌肉与脂肪之间的联系作用。     

运动和运动饮料

运动会使糖大量消耗，脱水和电解质丢失，从而使运动能力下降，而合理补充运动饮料可使运动员机能水平提高，抗疲劳能力增强。     

瘦素与运动

瘦素(leptin)是主要由脂肪组织分泌的一种激素,由146个氨基酸组成,其前体为167个氨基酸的蛋白质。N-端21肽是信号肽,瘦素作为脂肪组织和中枢神经系统间网络联系的外周信号,可能通过血脑屏障作用于中枢神经系统,影响摄食行为和调整自主神经系统活动等,参与保持机体脂肪量恒定的自稳态调节机制。近年来,国内外针对瘦素的研究涉及各个领域,笔者主要对运动与瘦素变化的关系及其机制进行简要综述。     

运动与衰老

分析探讨运动对自由基／抗氧化系统、细胞凋亡、线粒体结构和功能的影响，阐述了运动诱导的损伤时衰老进程的影响及适宜运动延缓衰老的可能机制，指出运动的绩效差异与运动个体的健康水平、运动素质与运动形式密切相关，运动方式的差异是运动对衰老进程产生不同影响的重要原因。     

运动与晕厥

从晕厥的病理生理及临床分类方面进行分析,总结了运动时发生晕厥的病因、伴随症状及急救处理的措施。以期有助于运动医务监督工作者、教练员、运动员对运动时发生晕厥作出正确的判断和处理。     

运动、营养素和免疫功能——微量营养素和抗氧化剂

维生素和矿物质对于维持机体的免疫功能起着重要作用.尤其是微量营养素对免疫功能的影响较大,运动训练使部分运动员可能处于微量营养素缺乏的危险边缘.微量营养素需求量缺乏和过量的后果对机体的免疫功能均有影响,并对提高免疫功能可能存在的机制进行了阐述.