当前形势下我国职业足球俱乐部行规研究

职业足球俱乐部是体育改革的产物，国家目前对此没有相应的立法，因此俱乐部行规的作用显得非常重要，在一定程度上弥补了立法不足的缺陷。我国俱乐部行规多以规范性文件的形式为主，内容方面应该进一步补充与完善。随着俱乐部的发展，行规的制定应该多样和灵活，同时处理好行规与法律的关系。     

Financial condition of Brazilian soccer clubs: an overview

In Brazil, the transition to corporate management of soccer clubs started in the 1990s. When the ‘Lei Pelé’ was enacted in 1998, expectations were very high that the Brazilian clubs would become modernized institutions capable of surviving in the recently developed soccer business. However, the results that clubs reported in their financial statements a decade later do not show the desirable evolution. This essay looks back at this modernization process while analysing the clubs’ results and their financial ratios with the aim of understanding their main difficulties and how successful they have been in trying to modernize.     

价值链理论在足球俱乐部发展中的具体应用

揭示足球俱乐部竞技水平的高低是吸引球迷开拓市场的关键，足球俱乐部所具备的文化内涵和文化品位是提升足球俱乐部社会形象的重要环节，建立适合足球市场的营销模式是足球俱乐部发展的原动力．按照市场经济规律要求，转换足球产业的经营机制，探寻适合足球产业的发展道路。     

Determinants of possession of the ball in soccer

In research on the importance of the possession of the ball in soccer, little attention has been paid to its determinants. Using data from 170 matches of the 2003 - 2004 Spanish Soccer League, we explain why differences in the possession of the ball among teams are so great. In particular, four variables are examined: evolving match status (i.e. whether the team is winning, losing or drawing), venue (i.e. playing at home or away), and the identities of the team and the opponent in each match. Results of linear regression analysis show that these four variables are statistically significant and together explain most of the variance in possession. In short, home teams have more possession than away teams, teams have more possession when they are losing matches than when winning or drawing, and the identity of the opponent matters - the worse the opponent, the greater the possession of the ball. Combinations of these variables could be used to develop a model that predicts possession in soccer.     

Determinants of possession of the ball in soccer

Abstract

In research on the importance of the possession of the ball in soccer, little attention has been paid to its determinants. Using data from 170 matches of the 2003 – 2004 Spanish Soccer League, we explain why differences in the possession of the ball among teams are so great. In particular, four variables are examined: evolving match status (i.e. whether the team is winning, losing or drawing), venue (i.e. playing at home or away), and the identities of the team and the opponent in each match. Results of linear regression analysis show that these four variables are statistically significant and together explain most of the variance in possession. In short, home teams have more possession than away teams, teams have more possession when they are losing matches than when winning or drawing, and the identity of the opponent matters – the worse the opponent, the greater the possession of the ball. Combinations of these variables could be used to develop a model that predicts possession in soccer.     

影响中国职业足球俱乐部发展的社会学因素

采用文献资料法、问卷调查法和逻辑学方法，从社会学的角度分析影响中国职业足球俱乐部发展的社会因素。结果表明：经济基础的薄弱、儒家文化的桎梏、思想观念的落后、社会非舍作性博弈理念，是影响俱乐部发展的主要因素。     

中外4 家职业足球俱乐部管理机制比较研究

采用文献资料法、访谈法、比较分析法等方法，比较研究了英超阿森纳、德甲多特蒙德、丹超布隆德比和中超北京国安4家职业足球俱乐部的管理机铷，发现我国职业足球俱乐部存在决策缺乏民主、监管机制不健全、组织结构设计不完善、协调机制复杂的问题，因此我国职业足球俱乐部应该完善管理机制，以提高运行效率。     

Jersey sponsors in football/soccer: the industry classification of main jersey sponsors of 1147 football/soccer clubs in top leagues of 79 countries

The growing popularity and developments in football/soccer have affected the football/soccer industry dramatically. The popularity and developments have increased the interest of companies in the last two or three decades. Companies have started to invest and become a sponsor of football/soccer clubs. Jersey sponsorship has emerged as a result of the increasing interest and investments. Nowadays, the jersey sponsorship is popular and has become an important type of revenue source for football/soccer clubs. As a result of popularity of jersey sponsorship, jersey sponsors must be investigated and analysed. This paper deals with the industry classification of the main jersey sponsors which have names and logos on the front of the football/soccer clubs home jerseys. A total of 1147 football/soccer clubs in 79 countries top leagues, as of 31 December 2012, have been investigated. The Industry Classification Benchmark is used to classify the industries of the main jersey sponsors of football/soccer clubs.     

Determinants of the half-turn with the ball in sub-elite youth soccer players

We explored the biomechanics of the 180° change-of-direction with the ball (half-turn) in soccer. We aimed at identifying movement strategies which enhance the players’ half-turning performance, by characterising technique kinematics and understanding the structure of biomechanical and anthropometrics variables. Ten Under-13 sub-elite male players were recorded with an optoelectronic motion analyser while performing a 5-m straight dribbling followed by a half-turn with the sole. Joints kinematics differences between faster and slower trials were found in support-side hip rotation, driving-side hip adduction, trunk flexion and rotation, and arms abduction. To unveil the data-set structure, a principal component (PC) analysis and a stepwise linear discriminant analysis were performed using 30 biomechanical parameters and four anthropometric variables for each trial. Seven retained PCs explained 79% of the overall variability, featuring combinations of original variables that help in understanding the factors facilitating fast half-turns: keeping short steps, minimising lateral and forward body movements, and centre-of-mass lowering, even with ample lower limbs ranges of motion (RoM); abducting the upper limbs while limiting trunk flexion and pelvic inclination RoM. Balance and task-constrained exercises may be proposed to improve this technique. Moreover, a quantitative knowledge of the movement structure could give coaches objective insights to better instruct young players.     

Relative age effects in Swiss junior soccer and their relationship with playing position

Abstract

Relative age effects (RAEs) refer to age differences between children in the same selection year. The present study investigated the prevalence of RAEs and their link to playing positions in Swiss junior soccer. Swiss male junior soccer players (n=50,581) representing 11% of the age-matched population – members of extra-curricular soccer teams – were evaluated to determine the influence of RAEs on Swiss junior soccer. Subgroups were the national talent development programme (n=2880), and U-15 to U-21 national teams (n=630). While no RAEs were found for the self-selected extra-curricular soccer teams or for the U-20 teams (P>0.05), significant RAEs were found for talent development and the national U-15 to U-19 and U-21 teams (P<0.01). Additionally, defenders born early in the year were significantly overrepresented compared with goalkeepers, midfielders and strikers (P<0.05). In Switzerland, RAEs apparently have substantial influence on the talent identification process for U-15 to U-18 teams, significantly influencing the selection of players in talent development teams already at an early age, but do not influence self-selected participation in extra-curricular soccer. Additionally, the RAE bias may be a predictor of playing positions in national teams. To minimise RAEs in Swiss soccer, systematic education for all coaches regarding RAEs should be established, in addition to a slotting system with rotating calendar cut-off dates.     

A survey of talent identification and development processes in the youth academies of professional soccer clubs from around the world

ABSTRACT

Talent identification (TID) and development (TDE) are large fields in professional soccer and in science. However, TID and TDE processes in youth academies have not been assessed in detail. As such, our aim was to survey professional clubs from around the world about their youth academy TID and TDE processes, with 29 clubs responding to the survey. TID and TDE processes changed as a function of player age. TID processes involved finding the best players locally and regionally, but for older players the search widened to nationally and internationally for the needs of the first team. Clubs used a multidisciplinary approach to TID, but more so with older players. Median number of academy players was 80, 100, and 66 players at 8–11 years, 12–16 years, and 17–21 years, respectively. Annual player turnover in the most recent season (selections/de-selections) was 29% across all age groups, with competition from other clubs cited as a limitation to TID. TDE processes involved weekly matches and 3–5 training sessions per week led by experienced, well-qualified coaches, with most clubs providing players with academic education, residency and transportation services. Our findings extend previous research assessing professional soccer youth academy TID and TDE processes by quantifying worldwide practices.     

我国足球产业化进程中足球精神的缺失

20世纪90年代以来,我国足球产业化逐步展开,并得到了比较稳定的发展。但是在足球产业化的同时,暴露出足球精神严重缺失的问题,包括运动员体育精神的沦丧,裁判等工作人员公平公正精神的模糊与球迷缺乏健康向上、理智成熟的素养。我国足球精神的缺失主要由于功利主义思想泛滥和精神文明建设的松懈。     

山东体育健身俱乐部消费者人口学特征研究

俱乐部消费者的人口学特征对我国体育人口学的研究和俱乐部的发展具有一定的导向作用.通过问卷调查对山东省体育健身俱乐部消费者的消费动机、课程内容和类别选择、客服质量评价4个维度21个小项的研究发现,客服质量评价不存在人口学研究上的差异,而性别在此领域的差异较大,其各个维度也呈现不同程度的特性,为山东省体育人口的研究提供了理论依据,为俱乐部市场的拓展建立了积极有效的市场研发模型.     

现代足球的民族精神与中国足球的文化缺失

对现代足球与民族精神的关系以及我国足球发展中存在的问题进行了分析研究。结果认为,民族精神是支持现代足球发展的重要社会文化条件,传承与弘扬民族精神是现代足球的基本价值取向;当前我国足球的发展存在着深刻的文化缺失问题,关于优秀的传统文化精神以及改革时代的民族精神的缺失则是我国足球文化建设中的突出问题。     

Concussion management in soccer

Brain injuries in sports drew more and more public attentions in recent years. Brain injuries vary by name, type, and severity in the athletic setting. It should be noted, however, that these injuries are not isolated to only the athletic arena, as non-athletic mechanisms (e.g., motor vehicle accidents) are more common causes of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) among teenagers. Notwithstanding, as many as 1.6 to 3.8 million TBI result from sports and recreation each year in the United States alone. These injuries are extremely costly to the global health care system, and make TBI among the most expensive conditions to treat in children. This article serves to define common brain injuries in sport; describe their prevalence, what happens to the brain following injury, how to recognize and manage these injuries, and what you can expect as the athlete recovers. Some return-to-activity considerations for the brain-injured athlete will also be discussed.     

Experiences of volunteering in sport: Views from Aboriginal individuals

Our understandings of volunteering in sport can be challenged and broadened by examining the experiences of those whose volunteer efforts go unrecognized or unnoticed. In the mainstream sport system, one such under-represented and under-researched sector is the Aboriginal community. The purpose of this paper is to examine the experiences of Canadian Aboriginal individuals as sport volunteers. The paper is based on a re-analysis of data collected for two related research projects. The first study consisted of nine focus groups with Aboriginal individuals who volunteered for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal sport organizations. The second study involved five focus groups with Aboriginal individuals who volunteered at one of two multi-sport events. The data were manually coded on the dimensions of intended beneficiaries, structure, remuneration, and free choice (Cnaan, Handy, & Wadsworth, 1996). There was little discussion of the issue of free choice, however most participants spoke of choosing the organizations, venues, and sports they wanted to help. The primary beneficiaries of their volunteer efforts were Aboriginal communities and Aboriginal youth. While they helped out formal organizations and events, their preference in those organizations was for relatively unstructured positions, for not being managed, and for a fun and relaxed environment. Volunteering was generally understood as unpaid work; yet, there was discussion of the growing trend of paying Aboriginal individuals to volunteer. These findings illustrate a broader and alternative understanding of volunteering in sport and have implications for the management of sport volunteers.     

我国职业体育俱乐部的研究现状

从产权属性、管理体制、运行机制等几个方面,对我国竞技体育职业化前后有关我国职业体育俱乐部研究的情况进行综述,指出我国职业体育俱乐部研究中存在的不足,旨在为我国职业体育俱乐部的研究提供理论参考。     

日本综合性社区体育俱乐部的发展

综合性社区体育俱乐部是2000年以后日本社区体育发展的重要模式。综合性社区体育俱乐部通过多方协调运作、经营资源的整合，赢得了本国社会的认可和信誉，被视为日本“终生体育”得以实现的最基层组织和关键所在。但在运营上依然是“政府依存型”，以及对“终身体育”的误解及各团体组织协作不畅等问题，影响着旧本综合性社区体育俱乐部的进一步发展。     

论体育健身俱乐部的关系营销模式

在对健身俱乐部市场营销特点分析的基础上，根据关系营销原理，提出了健身俱乐部关系营销的三方模式：1）建立、保持并加强与俱乐部会员的良好关系，在日常的服务中加强关系营销。2）共同开发健身市场，与关联企业展开关系营销。3）与政府协调一致，建立政府关系营销。     

青少年体育俱乐部组织性质研究

从逻辑学的种属关系出发,以现行法规和非营利组织理论为视角,探讨了青少年体育俱乐部的组织性质,以期为青少年体育俱乐部的生存、发展提供思路.社会发展以及政府机构改革的趋势表明,青少年体育俱乐部的发展方向是走向真正意义上的非营利组织.