关于足球联赛的理论保级分数探讨

足球联赛的理论保级分数是每一支参加甲级联赛的球队非常关心的问题，特别是球队实力较弱、成绩不佳的球队，更需要调整策略，争取拿到保级分数。本通过建立数学模型，从理论上对上述问题进行了探讨。     

Jersey sponsors in football/soccer: the industry classification of main jersey sponsors of 1147 football/soccer clubs in top leagues of 79 countries

The growing popularity and developments in football/soccer have affected the football/soccer industry dramatically. The popularity and developments have increased the interest of companies in the last two or three decades. Companies have started to invest and become a sponsor of football/soccer clubs. Jersey sponsorship has emerged as a result of the increasing interest and investments. Nowadays, the jersey sponsorship is popular and has become an important type of revenue source for football/soccer clubs. As a result of popularity of jersey sponsorship, jersey sponsors must be investigated and analysed. This paper deals with the industry classification of the main jersey sponsors which have names and logos on the front of the football/soccer clubs home jerseys. A total of 1147 football/soccer clubs in 79 countries top leagues, as of 31 December 2012, have been investigated. The Industry Classification Benchmark is used to classify the industries of the main jersey sponsors of football/soccer clubs.     

对18届世界杯澳大利亚队比赛特点的分析

采用录像统计法、观察法、数理统计法，对澳大利亚队的3场小组赛以及1场1／8决赛进行分析。结果表明：澳大利亚队在世界杯比赛上的阵形以3-6-1为主，进攻时积极向前压上，依靠集体的短传配合和细腻的个人技术向对方球门推进；防守时依靠强壮的身体进行积极凶狠的拼抢并利用灵活多变的打法，对对方进行阻截，最终取得了比较好的战绩。     

从第四届女足世界杯看世界女子足球运动的发展

第四届女足世界杯赛为世界女足各队提供了表演的舞台,不仅给我们展示了一个全新的女足运动,还给我们带来一个新的讯息:世界女足运动的一个崭新纪元已经来临!女足整体水平的提高,比赛日趋激烈,战术打法的新变化和比赛阵型的全面发展等形成了本届世界杯新的特点,同时也让我们看到了未来世界女足发展的方向.     

The FIFA 11 programme reduces the costs associated with ankle and hamstring injuries in amateur Spanish football players: A retrospective cohort study

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of the “Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11” injury prevention programme for ankle and hamstring injuries. This retrospective cohort study included eighty-four male amateur football players aged 18–40 years. The exposed group performed the FIFA 11 protocol twice a week throughout the 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 seasons; the unexposed group performed the usual training during the 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 seasons. Lateral ankle ligament and hamstring injuries were recorded over the whole study period. We compared the mean costs associated with lateral ankle ligament and hamstring injuries in the two groups. The mean cost per player and lateral ankle injury was EUR 928 in the unexposed group versus EUR 647 in the exposed group (p?=?0.19). The mean cost of hamstring injury per player was EUR 1271 in the unexposed group versus EUR 742 in the exposed group (p?=?0.028). The mean total cost per player was EUR 2199 in the unexposed group versus EUR 1273 in the exposed group (p?=?0.008). We concluded that the use of the FIFA 11 injury prevention programme reduced both the direct and indirect costs associated with lateral ankle ligament and hamstring injuries.     

The ‘invention’ of FIFA history: João Havelange’s election to FIFA presidency as a historic event

ABSTRACT

In 1974, the Brazilian sports official João Havelange was elected FIFA’s president in a two-round election, defeating the incumbent Stanley Rous. The upset, often attributed to a successful alliance with Asia, the Middle East and Africa, what at the time was referred to as the Third World – surprised observers everywhere. Here, the election can be analysed as a historically relevant event of social significance. It can be thought of as a political window by means of which the international dynamic of a specific moment in the Cold War can be perceived, especially the limitations and potentialities of the agency available to periphery countries at that time. In this article, I intend to discuss the narratives that forged the history of FIFA, which take this political ‘event’ as a key in the institution’s own historical transformation. The sources analysed will be mainly FIFA official histories, such as the FIFA News, FIFA historical books and movies about the history of FIFA.     

Video-based training to improve perceptual-cognitive decision-making performance of Australian football umpires

Decision-making is a central component of the in-game performance of Australian football umpires; however, current umpire training focuses largely on physiological development with decision-making skills development conducted via explicit lecture-style meetings with limited practice devoted to making actual decisions. Therefore, this study investigated the efficacy of a video-based training programme, aimed to provide a greater amount of contextualised visual experiences without explicit instruction, to improve decision-making skills of umpires. Australian football umpires (n = 52) were recruited from metropolitan and regional Division 1 competitions. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group and classified according to previous umpire game experience (i.e., experienced; less experienced). The intervention group completed a 12-week video-based decision-making training programme, with decision-making performance assessed at pre-training, and 1-week retention and 3-week retention periods. The control group did not complete any video-based training. Results indicated a significant Group (intervention; Control) × Test interaction (F(1, 100) = 3.98; P = 0.02, partial ?² = 0.074), with follow-up pairwise comparisons indicating significant within-group differences over time for the intervention group. In addition, decision-making performance of the less experienced umpires in the intervention group significantly improved (F(2, 40) = 5.03, P = 0.01, partial ?² = 0.201). Thus, video-based training programmes may be a viable adjunct to current training programmes to hasten decision-making development, especially for less experienced umpires.     

The time-frame of acute resistance exercise effects on football skill performance: The impact of exercise intensity

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the recovery rate of football skill performance following resistance exercise of moderate or high intensity. Ten elite football players participated in three different trials: control, low-intensity resistance exercise (4 sets, 8–10 repetitions/set, 65–70% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) and high-intensity resistance exercise (4 sets, 4–6 repetitions/set, 85–90% 1RM) in a counterbalanced manner. In each experimental condition, participants were evaluated pre, post, and at 24, 48, 72 h post exercise time points. Football skill performance was assessed through the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test, long passing, dribbling, shooting and heading. Delayed onset muscle soreness, knee joint range of motion, and muscle strength (1RM) in squat were considered as muscle damage markers. Blood samples analysed for creatine kinase activity, C-reactive protein, and leukocyte count. Passing and shooting performance declined (P < 0.05) post-exercise following resistance exercise. Strength declined post-exercise following high-intensity resistance exercise. Both trials induced only a mild muscle damage and inflammatory response in an intensity-dependent manner. These results indicate that football skill performance is minimally affected by acute resistance exercise independent of intensity suggesting that elite players may be able to participate in a football practice or match after only 24 h following a strength training session.     

The effects of physical exertion on decision-making performance of Australian football umpires

Decision-making is a key component of an umpire’s in-game performance, with each decision potentially having a direct impact on the result of the game. Additionally, umpires have to be physically fit to ensure they keep up with the gameplay. While research has identified the decision-making demands and running demands of umpires separately, few have explored the relationship between them. The aim of this investigation was to examine the relationship between physical exertion and decision-making performance of Australian football umpires at the sub-elite and junior levels. A total of 18 Australian football umpires (sub-elite, n = 10; junior n = 8) performed 10 × 300 m runs, with each repetition immediately followed by a video-based decision-making test, then 1 min of recovery. A Mann–Whitney U assessment indicated a significant difference between the sub-elite and junior level umpires for decision-making accuracy (U = 13.00, z = ?2.43, P = 0.016, r = ?0.5). However, there was no significant difference in response time (U = 28.00, z = ?1.07, P = 0.315, r = ?0.25). The sub-elite umpires completed the running efforts in significantly less time than the junior umpires (P < 0.05). Further, there was no significant correlation between decision-making performance and running times for either skill level (P > 0.05). This suggests decision-making performance may not be affected by physical exertion. Therefore, it may be suggested coaches of football umpires allocate more time to the decision-making development of their umpires instead of focusing largely on the physical fitness side, as is currently the trend.     

外籍球员的引入对CBA联赛的影响

运用文献资料法、数理统计法以及逻辑分析法等,对CBA联赛的外籍球员的行为和表现进行分析,提出可行性的意见与建议,旨在为今后联赛外籍球员的引入提供参考。     

中国足球守门员与世界级守门员防守能力的差距调研

本文从 ９８世界杯八强赛与中国队在十强赛中守门员的防守进行对比、研究、分析世界强队守门员的综合防守能力,指出我国足球守门员的综合防守能力的不足之处．     

The relationship between game-based performance indicators and developmental level in junior Australian football: Implications for coaching

Identifying performance differences between juniors at different stages of a talent pathway may assist with the development of prospective talent. This study investigated the relationship between game-based performance indicators and developmental level in junior Australian football (AF). Players were categorised into 2 groups according to developmental level; U16 and U18. Physical and technical skill performance indicators were collated for all U16 (n = 200) and U18 (n = 244) participants of their respective 2014 national championships. Data were acquired from all 28 games (12 U16, 16 U18); resulting in 1360 player observations (568 U16, 792 U18). Microtechnology and a commercial provider facilitated the quantification of 15 performance indicators. Generalised estimating equations (GEEs) modelled the extent to which these performance indicators were associated with developmental level. The GEE model revealed that “contested marks” and “contested possessions” had the strongest association with the U16 level, while “total marks” and “clearances” had the strongest association with the U18 level. The remaining performance indicators were not developmentally discriminant. These results indicate that there are distinctive features of gameplay more associated with the U16 and U18 levels in AF. Coaches may wish to consider these results when constructing training drills designed to minimise developmental gaps.     

谈加强冰期专门性力量教学的必要性及注意的问题

速滑专门性力量是保证速滑技术动作的基础,在冰期教学中,专门性力量教学内容是不可缺少的.指出了加强冰期专门性力量教学对促进速滑教学质量的必要性,同时对一些专门性力量教学的内容、作用及需要注意的问题进行了探讨.     

Activity profile of top-class association football referees in relation to fitness-test performance and match standard

The aim of this study was to examine the kinematic activity profiles, cardiovascular responses and physical fitness of top-class football referees (n=11) during the FIFA Confederations Cup 2005. Computerised match-analyses (n=9) were performed with a two-dimensional photogrammetric video system, and the cardiovascular demand imposed on the referees (n=12) was measured using heart rate recordings. Total distance covered was 10,218, s=643 m of which 3531, s=510 m was covered at high intensities (>3.6 m.s(-1)). Both total distance covered (r2=0.59; P=0.02) and high-intensity activities (r2=0.44; P=0.05) were related to the distance covered by the ball in the same match. The referees ran at high speed 37% further (P=0.01) in the actual tournament than during under-17 top-level officiating. After the 5-min interval during which high-speed running peaked, in the following 5 min the performance was reduced by 19% (P=0.01) in relation to the mean of the game. Mean heart rate was 161, s=9 b.min(-1) (86, s=3% of maximal heart rate (HRmax)). Mean heart rate (expressed as percentage of HRmax) was related in part (r2=0.36; P<0.01) to the number of high-intensity activities performed in the same 5-min interval. The results of this study show that: (1) kinematic activity profiles of top-class referees can be influenced by the distance covered by the ball; (2) the amount of high-speed running (>5 m.s(-1)) best describes the physical performance of referees; (3) heart rate recording can be a useful tool to determine the most intense periods of a match and (4) the new fitness tests adopted by FIFA were poor predictors of match activities.     

Spanish football: from underachievers to world beaters

Spain, for long considered the glorious underachievers of world football, have in the last five years made a spectacular transition. From having a solitary European Championship win in 1964, they have won the last three major international tournaments they have appeared in. This achievement has evoked comparisons with some of the world’s greatest teams. Yet, it was not always so good for Spain; ravaged by the civil war and with infighting amongst different regions, Spain struggled on the international arena despite two immense clubs in Barcelona and Real Madrid. In recent years, the football team has risen above these divisions and ironically, given the long-standing tensions between Catalonia and Spain, the core of their success has been through players from FC Barcelona, the Catalan-based powerhouse. A major catalyst in Spain’s stunning rejuvenation as an international football powerhouse has been midfielder Xavi Hernandez. The interesting fact about Xavi is that not only is he a fabulous player who would have surely won more accolades if he were not in the shadow of Lionel Messi, but also that he is a born and bred Catalan. It is of great interest that the region, with which Spain has had its most bitter relationship, has provided Spain the core of players that has driven them to glory for the last five years.