教育广播的新形式:网络知识电台——兼论教育广播的发展变迁

文章首先梳理了从20世纪初期到建国后教育广播的发展变迁,指出20世纪的大部分时间我国都处于教育资源匮乏的状态,广播作为当时重要的知识传播工具被广泛应用于学校教育和社会教育,在降低国民文盲率、为国家培养人才方面发挥了重要作用;但20世纪末,教育广播逐渐走向衰落。接着,文章重点介绍了网络知识电台,指出它作为教育广播的新形式,延续和拓展了广播的教育功能,并分析了它的优势、功能和存在的问题。最后,文章针对教育广播的未来发展提出了相关建议,以期为我国教育广播事业的改革发展提供新思路。     

The Changing Role of Higher Education in the United States

The role of higher education has changed in the United States. It has become a learning society where egalitarian pressures for equal opportunities led to the expansion of educational services to broader and more representative segments of society. Five propositions illustrate the current pressures for change. (1) Institutions of higher education no longer enjoy a monopoly on the provision of educational services. The learning society has given higher education new competition for the growing adult market. (2) The roles of education providers are increasingly blurred. (3) Higher education no longer has the full‐time commitment of students or of faculty. (4) Lifelong learning has become a lifelong necessity for almost everyone, which demands flexibility and responsiveness to change on the part of higher education. (5) A change is needed in the methods of teaching and learning to accommodate adult learners and to provide for the long‐ range needs of the learning society.     

New Technologies‐‐New Opportunities? The potential of cable in educational and social action broadcasting

Cable television seems set for rapid expansion in the UK, with profound consequences on the pattern of broadcasting. Taking as a starting point the Government's White Paper on cable TV, the author examines the potential and implications of cable for educational and social action broadcasting. Clearly, the number of available channels could increase, with the possibility of two‐way (interactive) communication and a greater localisation of programme origination and distribution, but the likelihood of these and other consequent innovations happening depends on the legislative restriction or freedom permitted to cable operators, and on the modes of financing allowed. Pessimism over the outcome for educational and social action broadcasting is unavoidable, but practical steps are proposed for a concerted strategy to protect the interests of education and social action, and to ensure that a proper balance is struck between interests and benefits. The decisions of the next few months will determine whether the dramatic opportunities offered by cable will become realities.     

SCIENTIFIC IMAGES IN EDUCATIONAL BROADCASTING

The social role of education, and the particular influence of educational broadcasting, especially on scientific and technical subjects, are examined in this paper. The technology of broadcasting and well‐established traditions in schooling both encourage a consensus view of educational topics that in fact are by no means necessarily non‐controversial. The author asks whether educational broadcasting can serve the aim of pupil‐centred learning by promoting access and flexibility in education and relating to the student's perception of social reality. He concludes that at present it does not.     

The Pursuit of School Effectiveness and Educational Quality in Hong Kong

This article briefly describes the Hong Kong education system, discusses the policies and efforts for education quality and school improvement, and reviews the development of school effectiveness research in Hong Kong. Hong Kong people have shown their strong commitment to educational reform for better societal development in the coming decades. A number of important policies have been issued to improve educational practice and school management. Even though some drawbacks and difficulties have inevitably been encountered in policy formulation and implementation, numerous good opportunities have been created for policy-makers, school practitioners, and educational researchers to conduct educational innovation, school improvement, and school effectiveness research. The ongoing education experiments, reform experiences, improvement practices, and effectiveness studies at both the system and school levels may not only benefit Hong Kong people but also make a contribution to international concern for school effectiveness and improvement.     

The Influence of Education and Family Background on Women's Earnings in Midlife: evidence from a British national birth cohort study

Studies which have investigated the influence of education on adult earnings are almost exclusively concerned with men and take little account of family influences on either education or later earnings. Those studies which have information on women's earnings focus on gender differentials rather than differences between women in opportunities and outcomes. This paper which examines the influence of education and family background on the midlife earnings of a national cohort of British women born immediately after the Second World War is an attempt to redress this situation. It shows that the few women who were able to take full advantage of the expansion in educational opportunities and achieve high educational qualifications earned significantly more in adult life than less educated females. Family background played an important role, both through its effect on early educational achievement and attitude to school work, which in turn influenced the type of secondary school attended and the achievement of educational qualifications, and also by well‐educated mothers raising their daughter's career expectations or providing successful role models. In adult life, employment characteristics which indicated a long‐term commitment to full‐time work and the decision not to have children, or to delay childbearing, were also important predictors of later economic success in this cohort, but did not explain the prior effects of education and family background. Advanced educational qualifications were the key to economic success for women bom in the early post‐war period.     

One step forward,two steps back? Work experience,equal opportunities and TVEI

Abstract

The funding criteria of the Technical and Vocational Education Initiative included a high profile commitment to equal opportunities for boys and girls, as well as a commitment to the provision of work experience. This paper presents data from a case study of work experience provided under the auspices of ‘Masonfield’ TVEI project, a project which had a strong commitment to tackling gender inequalities in education. It is argued that the nature of work experience ‐‐ by definition explicitly allied to the needs of the labour market ‐‐ made it virtually impossible for the project to meet its equal opportunities objectives in this area. Furthermore, work experience may have served to reinforce — if not exaggerate — existing sexual divisions within the local labour market. Whilst TVEI may now be consigned to educational history, work experience continues to thrive — yet increasingly within a policy framework which ignores equal opportunities considerations.     

Catechesis and Religious Education in Canadian Catholic Schools

A key concept in contemporary Catholic educational discourse makes a distinction between religious education and catechesis. This distinction is based on the assumptions of faith commitment on the part of catechesis and the focus on cognitive outcomes on the part of religious education. Many official documents on Canadian Catholic school education, however, reflect an understanding that closely associated catechesis with religious education or fail to sufficiently distinguish between the two. The article argues that changes in contemporary culture make catechetical models of religious education problematic and that Catholic schools in Canada would be well served by an approach that emphasizes the educational goals of religious education. This is not to say that catechesis has no place in religious education but this is best achieved by making use of cognitive and effective outcomes in lesson planning and realizing that the school as a whole has many opportunities to foster catechesis.     

Connecting policy aspirations with principled progress? An analysis of current physical education challenges in Scotland

Various recent politically driven policy interventions have outlined the increased importance of school physical education programmes as a contributor towards realising active lifelong learning targets. This paper explains the origins of the new policy emphasis and describes some of the opportunities which now exist for reviewing many curriculum orientation and fragmentation concerns. However, in reviewing the possibilities for policy aspirations to achieve transformative educational benefits, the paper also outlines how a commitment towards principled progress and educational realignment could founder on the rock of its own ambition unless various critical conceptual questions and associated pedagogical issues are thoroughly addressed. Following analysis of the barriers to progress that exist, the encouraging signs of a more coherent future are discussed. This occurs through analysing the progress of developmental-based programmes, which aim to improve the quality and authenticity of pupils’ learning experiences in physical education, and by analysis of the new professional development opportunities that are available to teachers.     

Preparing teachers for diversity: lessons learned from the US and South Africa

The world's predominant growth populations are largely students of color who have historically struggled for high-quality educational opportunities. Within this context, educational reformers around the globe are challenging teacher preparation programs to prepare teachers to work effectively with students from diverse backgrounds. This article reports on a cross-national study that investigates a program designed to facilitate the development of teachers who are committed to teaching culturally and linguistically diverse students. It presents an analysis of US and South African teachers’ developing discourses that revealed differences in the development of commitment among teachers who engaged in talk-related activities in a teacher education program versus those teachers who engaged in talk-related activities in addition to theory–enacting activities within diverse classrooms. Through the analysis, I explore how teachers’ developing commitment can be facilitated by carefully designed classroom activities and show how those developing commitments are revealed in the teachers’ discourse practices. My intent in presenting this investigation is to help us better understand how applications of activity theory can assist us in addressing the global challenges that face teacher education programs.     

The Relationship Between Career Maturity and Work Commitment in a Sample of Australian High School Students

The present study reports on a study conducted with 377 Australian students enrolled in grades 9 through 12. The Australian version of the Career Development Inventory (CDI-A; Lokan, 1984) and a work commitment measure modified for the Australian context (Rowley & Feather, 1987) were administered. Analyses were conducted with the four subscales of the CDI-A as the dependent measures, and two levels of work commitment (high/low), four levels of age (14–17) and gender (female/male) as the independent variables. Work commitment was moderately correlated with all subscales of the CDI-A. Gender differences were evident on work commitment and career maturity. A striking finding was the strong relationship between work commitment and the knowledge component of career maturity for females. Findings are discussed in the context of changing educational and labour market opportunities and the role of education programs in career maturity development.     

Hiring criteria, duties, and professional growth opportunities for residential staff at schools for the deaf: a survey

Seventy-three schools identifying themselves as having a residential program for deaf students were surveyed to determine demographic information about dormitory staff, qualifications required for employment in the residential program, opportunities for continuing education, and issues relating to the roles and responsibilities of dorm employees. The data showed that schools are committed to providing in-service education for the dorm workers but have minimal educational requirements for employment in their residential programs. The data were compared to the Conference of Educational Administrators of Schools and Programs for the Deaf (CEASD) Certification Requirements for Dormitory Counselors. Recommendations are made in regard to the updating of the CEASD certification requirements; the authors also recommend that schools make a stronger commitment to upholding those requirements.     

关于推进教育公平的思考

通过分析教育公平的基本内涵及重要意义,剖析出我国存在的教育不公平现象及原因,从而提出如何实现教育机会公平、怎样通过合理配置资源推进教育公平、如何从制度设计上落实教育公平,最终真正得以实现教育公平。     

地方高等师范教育资源优化配置的思考

地方高等师范院校是高等教育的重要组成部分。长期以来,由于教育经费投入不足,在办学经费紧张的困扰下举步维艰。当前在高等学校规模、结构、布局调整中,应抓住机遇,通过优化规模、优化结构和优化管理,提高教育资源的利用效率,改善办学条件。     

从教育服务承诺看高等教育的政策调整

我国加入WTO签定的教育服务承诺具有鲜明的政策性意义。履行这一承诺要求对现行的教育政策尤其是高等教育政策作出一些必要的调整。高等教育政策调整主要包括宏观管理政策、招生政策、财政政策和高校教学政策等方面。调整教育政策又特别需要加强政策研究。     

论教育承诺对中国高等教育的影响

中国加入世贸组织后,高等教育只有树立全球观念,规范教育行政,加大教育投入,引进教育资源,深化专业改造,提高教育质量,面向世界培养人才,才能融入世界教育大潮。     

有关受教育机会平等的思考

"受教育机会平等"是一个重要的教育法原则。推进义务教育均衡发展作为目前教育工作的重中之重,是落实"受教育机会平等"这一重要教育法原则的具体措施。"受教育机会平等"蕴涵了相当丰富的内容",机会平等"是法律维护的关键。实现受教育机会实质上的平等,社会和经济发展是基础,适时地调整政策法规是制度保障。     

谈我国市场经济中的教育机会均等

教育机会均等的条件与教育机会不均等的根源其实是一个问题的两个问题。从一般意义上讲，教育机会均等的条件主要有三个；一是要有相应的制度和法律作基本保证；二是要具备一定的经济基础，承担教育成本，三是要有观念的同步甚至超前。在我国市场经济条件下，要改变教育机会不均等的状况需要转变教育观念，普及全民教育；充分利用现代科技，提升总体教育水平，增加教育机会，政府加大教育投入，为教育机会均等创造经济条件。     

Educational expansion or credential inflation? The evolution of part‐time study by adults at McGill University,Canada

Part‐time students have accounted for a significant proportion of rising participation in higher education in many countries. The objectives of this paper are to enrich the empirical literature concerning the inclusion of part‐time adult learners in higher education, and to assess the two competing theoretical frameworks that have emerged to explain the international expansion of higher education in recent decades: human capital theory and social exclusion theory. Human capital theorists argue that increasingly complex demands of economies and workplaces have caused the expansion of educational provision. Theorists of social exclusion argue that increasingly intense competition among labour market participants has caused the inflation of educational credentials. This paper uses original, archival research to narrate the history of part‐time, degree‐credit study at McGill University in Canada. It finds that McGill provided a wide range of part‐time study opportunities in the 1920s and early 1930s, resisted the provision of such opportunities from the 1940s through the 1960s, and reinstated extensive part‐time study opportunities for adults in the 1970s. While both educational expansion and credential inflation took place at McGill neither human capital theory nor social exclusion theory can fully account for the rise, fall, and re‐birth of part‐time study for adults. To understand this evolution, more proximate causes, such as institutional politics and government funding models, must be explored. This paper raises important questions for future research, including those relating to gender and equity in the participation of part‐time students in higher education.     

成人高等教育开拓创新策略

根据党的十六大精神,坚持教育创新是当前教育战线上面临的首要任务。在新的历史时期,成人高等教育也应与时俱进、开拓创新,构建具有中国特色的成人高等教育体系。实现成人高等教育的公平、公正性,为全体人民提供受良好教育的机会是实现“三个代表”思想的重要体现。