Further thoughts on unionization and university governance

David Cameron's response to Barbara Anderson's review completes the symposium on Cameron'sMore Than an Academic Question with a justification of his opposition to faculty unionization on both moral and professional principles and reiteration of the need to strengthen university governing boards.     

现代大学的科层管理及其改造

科层制是一种行政和生产管理的组织形式,现代大学是一个正式的社会组织,大学实行科层管理有其不可忽略的合理性。然而,大学作为学术性组织,其内在属性即目标的模糊性、多元化的价值观、活动过程与效果的不确定性、对分权管理的诉求、学术权力的合法性基础是魅力型权威等,又使得大学的科层管理存在着不可避免的局限性。因此,必须在遵循现代大学自身内在逻辑的基础上,对科层管理进行改造。     

美国大学教师的学术自由权利:历史的视角

美国大学教师的学术自由权利经历了"学院时代"与"大学时代"两大历史时期的发展。美国大学教师学术自由权利的争取过程,同时也是赋予学术自由权利以认识论和政治论意义的过程。历史证明,学术自由权利是保障大学教师从事知识创新与探索活动的基本权利,是保护教学与研究工作免受各种不合理干扰和限制的必要权利,是赋予大学教师适当社会地位和必要经济保障的重要权利,也是一项与学术责任相伴生的有限权利。     

Unionization and the canadian university: Historical and personal observations

In 1949–50 Canadian professors, reacting to historically low salaries and inadequate pensions, founded the Canadian Association of University Teachers. Although its early concerns were economic, by the late 1950s the interest of the organization was spreading to issues of academic freedom and tenure and, related to it, university government. Having opened a national office in Ottawa, the CAUT soon championed an increased role for professors in governing their institutions. The bookA Place of Liberty (Whalley, 1964) eloquently made the claim for faculty empowerment. This movement also gained strength from the shortage of qualified staff in the 1960s and the resulting need of universities to improve terms and conditions of employment. Although faculty involvement in governance grew, by the mid-1970s many faculty members were embracing faculty unionization. This initiative had for years repelled most professors because it seemed unprofessional. However, deteriorating finances created a condition in which especially junior staff turned to faculty unions for protection. Not all Canadian universities became unionized. In spite of dire warnings about the effects of unionization, it does not seem that unionized universities today offer less scope for faculty participation in governance than the non-unionized.     

从促进就业角度关注大学生责任感的培养

责任感是大学生都应具有的一种道德情感。责任感的缺乏将从职业选择、工作态度、解决问题的能力、人际关系等各方面影响到大学生的有效就业,高校应从教学模式、教学内容、教学手段等方面不断培养提高大学生的责任感。     

Unionization,democracy, and the university

Legal status collective bargaining between faculty associations and university administrations has affected university governance and, on the whole, has done so positively by democratizing most of the procedures used to determine the terms and conditions of faculty employment. To the extent that matters hitherto within the mandates of academic senates have been removed to the collective bargaining regime, senates have been somewhat weakened. The greatest danger to democracy on the campus probably lies in the bureaucratization of faculty associations, thus leaving them open to the partial paralysis of creeping legalism.     

重构细胞:大学管理组织架构改革的基础

当前大学改革理论和实践所关注的问题,主要集中在大学中上层架构问题上,有待按照学术规律的内在要求,将权力重心真正落实到基层学术单位(细胞)上,切实在重构大学组织的“细胞”上下功夫,这才是真正落实学术权力主导地位的实际举措。     

大学内部治理体系:现实诉求与构建思路

大学内部治理变革承载着调整政府与高校边界、激发高校创新活力、推进依法治校、落实教育综合改革、体现大学"中国特色"等现实诉求。概念内涵上,治理体系是以大学"善治"为目标,以大学精神彰显、活力激发、绩效提升为导向,以民主参与、协商共治为理念,以制度体系为保障的大学秩序体系;框架要素上,围绕权力、权利、利益形成的"结构体系"是治理体系的抽象本质,"价值-制度-行动"体系是实质内容;治理体系的功能影响体现在价值体系、制度体系、行动体系等诸多方面。大学内部治理体系的构建需遵循以下原则:体现中国特色、尊重大学规律、兼顾开放性与耦合性、追求有效治理、平衡稳定性与动态适应性等。大学内部治理体系构建的策略路径需理顺内外部治理关系、完善运行规程、优化资源配置、涵养治理文化。     

Constructing the university: Towards a social philosophy of higher education

Almost 40 years ago, a book appeared by J.S. Brubacher entitled On the Philosophy of Higher Education. Today, we have neither its successor nor a sense as to what such a book might contain. The argument here is that we currently lack a recognised subfield of study that might be termed ‘the philosophy of higher education’. The paper attempts to begin to remedy this situation by assembling the main planks of such a field, and identifying broadly the kinds of resources that might be brought together. A particular approach is argued for that builds from a recognition of the university both as institution and as idea. This approach would understand both that the university possesses a social ontology and that the university is accompanied by a widening conceptual hinterland. An undue pessimism is noted, such that the contemporary university is sometimes seen as being subject to overwhelming global forces, which underplays the university’s potential as an agent. It is suggested that an adequate philosophy of higher education would seek to widen the conceptual landscape by identifying universal and imaginative concepts that can assist not merely in understanding the university or in defending the university but in changing it.     

大学与社会共生:地方高校发展的模式选择——从美国相互作用大学看我国地方高校的发展

美国相互作用大学是适应新经济时代的产物 ,其核心理念是“以他方为中心” ,与社会共谋发展。我国地方高校可借鉴其经验 ,结合本地本校的实际 ,采取独建型、依托型、改建型、校企型、远程型等模式发展自己     

The vacuous rhetoric of diversity: exploring how institutional responses to national racial incidences effect faculty of color perceptions of university commitment to diversity

Abstract

Recent news cycles have illuminated the disparate, racialized experiences of Black people in the United States but university leadership responses have been reactionary, or worse non-responsive. This study examines how university responses to national racial incidences such as the police brutality affect how faculty of color in one discipline understand the university’s commitment to diversity and ultimately how it affects the faculty experience. Illuminating how university actions affect not only faculty attitudes, but also faculty work has implications on broader university diversity outcomes and rectifying the racist, colonial founding of universities as national institutions. Findings show that there was increased race-related service taxation that was paired with resiliency and resistance tactics, and self- and community-driven coalition building. There are implications for institutional leaders around increasing a diversified student body through attention to community incidences and redefining community relationships to the university.     

高等教育创新与我国现代大学制度建设

高等教育创新对于现代大学制度建设具有重要意义。高等教育创新往往会上升到制度层面,从而实现创新效果的最大化。因此,本文提出,高等教育创新首先要解决现代大学的定位问题,并创建有利于现代大学制度的发展环境,促进大学内部组织结构与权力结构的调整,协调大学发展的内外部关系。     

MOOCs to university: a consumer goal and marketing perspective

In this paper we apply consumer goal theories to an educational context by examining how completion of a MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) may motivate enrolment in a university course. We contend that individuals who finish a MOOC are more likely to establish a new goal intention for university than those who do not finish. This new goal intention is likely to be prompted by the individual’s satisfaction with their MOOC experience as well as a sense of discontent in not having fulfilled their broader educational goals. For those who do set a new goal for university study, we contend that the institute hosting the MOOC is likely to form part of the consideration set used by individuals to narrow down their choice of tertiary provider. Moreover, we argue that this same host institute is likely to be chosen from the consideration set where the MOOC experience is a satisfying one and where a strong link can be established between the pedagogical and delivery approaches used in both the MOOC and university settings. This research has implications for how tertiary institutes create and use MOOCs, and offers insights into how providers can more effectively market higher education courses to those progressing through a MOOC pathway.     

浙江高校教师苦乐源调查与分析

本文通过对浙江省高校教师与其他职业人群苦乐源的调查分析,发现了一些以往鲜为人关注的“矛盾”现象:一是工作同为高校教师快乐与痛苦的主要来源,显示出目前高校体制转型中不同教师对职业适应状况的较大差异;二是看似自由支配时间多并拥有寒暑假的教师职业,闲暇缺乏的痛苦却大于社会其他职业人群的平均水平;三是社会上普遍认为收入较高的高校教师,其对收入的苦乐感反应却比其他职业人群更为强烈,满足度反而较低。     

The writing center and international students in a Japanese university: a language management perspective

ABSTRACT

One of the institutional challenges of taking in large numbers of international graduate students is supporting their academic literacy skills. To accommodate a large population of international students, Japanese universities offer various services to support their academic studies and life-related issues, such as hiring international student advisors, offering Japanese language courses, and implementing peer-support programs. As a type of academic support for writing for international students, writing centers have caught the attention of universities in the last decade. To examine the institutional role of the writing center at a Japanese university, this study employs a language management lens to compare the beliefs and interests among administrators, tutors, and international students in improving international students’ Japanese writing. Interviews with the three groups of participants displayed incongruences between the administrators’ interests aligned with institutional goals, the educational philosophy of the writing center, and international students’ language learning needs. The findings point to the tutors' crucial role as language specialists who inform organized language management, and the necessity for collaboration between academic support units and faculty members in providing sufficient academic socialization environments for international students.     

高校教师流动的本质内涵及合理性判别——兼论“双一流”建设背景下的高校引才

高校教师流动是教师个体、高校组织基于各自可支配资源与理想需求进行协同博弈、联合决策的结果。高校教师流动的合理性是不同主体针对特定岗位人员变动的价值判断问题。主体最优化需求得到满足、组织内部各岗位上人尽其才、区域内人力资本得到最大化释放、高等教育行业的应有效能得到发挥分别是个体、组织、地区、行业评判高校教师流动合理的重要标尺。"双一流"建设背景下的高校引才,需要在入选高校和非"双一流"高校的"零和博弈""合作共赢"间,在同质高校的"单打独斗""抱团取暖"间,在人才来源的"外引优先""内培为主"间,在既有人才的"择优而往""坚守情怀"间,在人才管理的"市场选择""政府调控"间做出多元统筹调和。     

Effects from audit culture and neoliberalism on university teaching: an autoethnographic perspective

Spanish university culture revolves mainly around the evaluation of professionals on the basis of the amount of work published in high-impact journals (weight assessments). The paper is shaped as an autoethnography, focusing mainly on the author’s life at university. Data collection and analysis set off from 2011, during the lecturer’s first year of working at university. The research aims principally at reflecting upon the highly demanding processes undergone by a lecturer, which might have a negative impact on other personal and professional domains. However, we also seek to show the weaknesses of the accreditation system as well as to consider the need to design a system that is able to put the emphasis back on the value of real academic work.     

大学发展的路径:移植式与创设式制度变迁

大学发展与进步的核心机制是制度的变迁，对大学发展产生重要影响的制度变迁有两种类型：移植式和创设式制度变迁。移植式的大学制度变迁需要特定的文化条件为依托，即制度输入国和输出国应具有文化上的相似性、包容性和互补性。创设式的大学制度变迁是高深学问发展到一定阶段后制度创新的结果。采用哪一种制度变迁的方式作为大学发展的路径，需要视制度变迁的成本而定。     

Students negotiating and designing their collaborative learning norms: a group developmental perspective in learning communities

This research shows how participants in classroom learning communities (LCs) come to take responsibility over designing their collaborative learning norms. Taking a micro-developmental perspective within a graduate-level course, we examined fine-grained changes in group discourse during a period of rapid change where this responsibility taking occurs, which we frame as the transition between the storming and norming stages of group development. Our findings indicate that this transition was based upon three sub-stages that included (a) recognition of a group crisis; (b) acceptance of responsibility; and (c) increased meaningfulness of norms. As an outcome of this transition, LC members took responsibility over negotiating and designing their collaborative norms as authority moved from moderators to students. We discuss the theoretical and practical contributions of this research on group development and LCs, as well as limitations and next steps for research.     

合作伙伴:治理视野中政府与大学关系的新愿景

合作伙伴是治理理论的核心理念。传统政府与大学之间控制与被控制关系造成大学的办学自主权受到削弱、大学竞争市场难以形成、厌恶和阻碍创新等诸多弊端,同时,政府与非营利组织之间以及国外政府与大学之间合作伙伴关系的建立为我国政府与大学建立合作伙伴关系提供了借鉴和示范。构建我国政府与大学合作伙伴关系的路径有:改革大学单位制、推行大学法人化、重构政府公共权力、采取多中心治理模式和建立参与协商机制等。