知识观念转变下盖梯尔问题的消解

解决盖梯尔问题的尝试普遍存在难以克服的困难与争论,与此同时,出现了一些消解盖梯尔问题的方案。作为一种新颖的、当代哲学实践转向后的知识观念,"地方性知识"有丰富的意涵,为我们提供了一种审度知识的视野与一条消解盖梯尔问题的途径。具体而言,通过论述"地方性知识"观念的基本主张及与之密切相关的杜威知行学说、后期维特根斯坦哲学、科学实践哲学及默会认识论的重要洞见,来解释为何知识的完美典范并不存在及为何知识的完备定义并不可能,进而阐明盖梯尔问题对传统知识定义的诘难本质上是在"无的放矢",理解知识的最佳策略应是转向具体的实践。     

索萨论知识的规范性

随着盖梯尔反例的提出,知识是得到辩护的真信念这个经典知识定义受到强烈的冲击。如果知识不再是得到辩护的真信念,那么辩护为知识带来的额外价值就会受到质疑,“淹没难题”引发了对知识价值问题的重新思考。文章梳理了当代知识论中的“淹没难题”,重点论述索萨从德性知识论的维度,以表现规范性为基地对“淹没难题”的回应,由此揭示知识相对于真信念的规范性和价值。     

前提与结论可信性对条件三段论推理的影响

本文采用演绎推理研究中的结论评估范式,考察前提与结论可信性在条件三段论推理中的作用。研究结果表明,被试在条件三段论推理中受结论可信性的影响表现出信念偏差效应;前提可信性通过改变人们进行逻辑分析的准备性而影响推理表现;前提可信性对被试在条件三段论推理中受结论可信性影响的程度有影响,但并不改变信念偏差效应的一般表现模式。     

知道者悖论及其价值

知道者悖论是关于"知道"的严格意义的逻辑悖论,在当代悖论研究中占有重要地位,与"盖梯尔"问题、逻辑全能问题之间有着密切的联系,因而具有多层面的理论意义和实践价值,值得积极关注与深入探究。     

关于演绎推理定义的质疑

关于演绎推理的定义,大致有三种：①演绎推理是从一般到特殊的推理;②它是前提蕴涵结论的推理;③它是前提和结论之间具有必然联系的推理。这些定义尚欠妥当,未能准确地反映演绎推理的实质,应当将它定义为：演绎推理就是前提与结论之间具有充分条件或充分必要条件联系的必然性推理。     

索引词及其语义——兼谈汉语中的"我"和"自己"

索引词不同于专名和限定描述语,因此需要一个专门的语义理论对其进行解释.本文首先介绍了索引词的经典解释理论--Kaplan([15])的二维语义论,然后考察了反驳Kaplan理论的四类反例:(a)"only"辖域中受宽松约束的"I";(b)第一人称涉己信念报告;(c)转换索引词;(d)延指现象.综合这四类反例的最新研究成果,我们得出的结论是:这些反例不足以否定Kaplan关于索引词直接指称的论断,但Kaplan所否认的"怪兽"确实是存在的.基于此,我们指出需要进一步研究的问题,并在文末从索引词研究的角度探讨了汉语中的"我"和"自己".     

运用数学推理应注意的问题

数学知识，不论是公式、法则，还是运算定律，都是从已知的概念和公式、法则通过数学推理得出的。在小学数学教学中，常用的推理有演绎推理、归纳推理和类比推理。 　　一、注意演绎推理的前提 　　演绎推理是由一般到特殊的推理。“三段式论证”是演绎推理的基础和主要形式，它是由三个判断组成，其中两个判断为前提，另一个判断为结论。 　　例如：能被 2整除的自然数是偶数 (大前提 )　　16能被 2整除 (小前提 )　　所以 16是偶数 (结论 )　　“三段式”的结论是否正确，依赖于大小前提的正确与否。如果前两个前提都是正确的，那么结论就…     

演绎推理定义新探

本文对我国逻辑学界关于普通逻辑演绎推理三种比较流行的定义作了深入分析,认为它们都未能真正揭示演绎推理的本质,根据这些定义无法把演绎推理和非演绎推理区别开来。文章在认真探讨演绎推理共同性质的基础上,给演绎推理下了一个新的定义:演绎推理是根据前提判断的逻辑性质推出必然性结论的推理。     

高中数学中反例的教学功能与构造方法

<正>《全日制普通高中数学课程标准(实验稿)》明确指出,"教学中应通过实例引导学生运用合情推理去探索、猜测一些数学结论,并用演绎推理确认所得结论的正确性,或者用反例推翻错误的猜想".所谓反例,简单来说,就是用来证明某个判断或说法不正确、不成立的例子.教师恰当的运用反例,一方面会把数学中某些概念的本质特征以及定理的相关条件突出地衬托出来,使学生对比相关概念、定理结论反思自己的误解,加深对概念本质     

论《墨经》中的“止”式推理

在《墨经》中,＂止＂作为一种重要的推理形式共出现四次：一是利用对当关系推理进行反驳;二是用反例反驳对方用简单枚举归纳推理得出的一般结论;三是用与对方演绎推理的大前提具有反对关系的命题来反驳对方演绎出的个别结论;四是反映模态矛盾命题之间的对当关系推理。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.