The Effects of Scientific Self-efficacy and Cognitive Anxiety on Science Engagement with the “Question-Observation-Doing-Explanation” Model during School Disruption in COVID-19 Pandemic

Game-based learning supported by mobile intelligence technology has promoted the renewal of teaching and learning models. Herein, a model of Question-Observation-Doing-Explanation (QODE) based on smart phones was constructed and applied to science learning during school disruption in COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, from the theoretical perspective of cognitive-affective theory of learning with media, Bandura’s motivation theory and community of inquiry model, self-report measure was used to verify the effect of students’ scientific self-efficacy and cognitive anxiety on science engagement. A total of 357 valid questionnaires were used for structural equation model research. The results indicated that two types of scientific self-efficacy, as indicated by scientific learning ability and scientific learning behavior, were negatively associated with cognitive anxiety. In addition, cognitive anxiety was also negatively correlated to four types of science engagement, as indicated by cognitive engagement, emotional engagement, behavioral engagement, and social engagement through smartphone interactions. These findings provide further evidence for game-based learning promoted by smart phones, contributing to a deeper understanding of the associations between scientific self-efficacy, cognitive anxiety, and science engagement. This study points out that the QODE model is suitable for implementing smart mobile devices to students’ science learning.

     

Effects of breakfast with different calorigenic amounts on blood glucose,insulin and glucagon levels

SUBJECTSANDMETHODSSubjectsTwenty four 2 1to 2 4yearsoldhealthymedi calstudentsenrolledinZhejiangUniversityCol legeofMedicinevolunteeredforthestudy .Theyconsistedof1 1malesand 1 3femalesweightsallwithinthenormalrangefortheirheightaccordingtoChinesenorms.Me…     

COVID-19 and schooling: evaluation,assessment and accountability in times of crises—reacting quickly to explore key issues for policy,practice and research with the school barometer

Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability - The crisis caused by the COVID-19 virus has far-reaching effects in the field of education, as schools were closed in March 2020 in many...     

Effects of 8 Weeks with Embodied Learning on 5–6-Year-Old Danish Children’s Pre-reading Skills and Word Reading Skills: the PLAYMORE Project,DK

Educational Psychology Review - The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of embodied learning on children’s pre-reading and word reading skills. We conducted a three-armed...     

Comparison of COVID-19 and influenza characteristics

The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) not only poses a serious threat to the health of people worldwide but also affects the global economy. The outbreak of COVID-19 began in December 2019, at the same time as the influenza season. However, as the treatments and prognoses of COVID-19 and influenza are different, it is important to accurately differentiate these two different respiratory tract infections on the basis of their respective early-stage characteristics. We reviewed official documents and news released by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(China CDC), the United States CDC, and the World Health Organization(WHO), and we also searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica database(Embase), China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), Wanfang, preprinted bioRxiv and medRxiv databases for documents and guidelines from earliest available date up until October 3 rd, 2020. We obtained the latest information about COVID-19 and influenza and summarized and compared their biological characteristics, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathological mechanisms, treatments, and prognostic factors. We show that although COVID-19 and influenza are different in many ways, there are numerous similarities;thus, in addition to using nucleic acid-based polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and antibody-based approaches, clinicians and epidemiologists should distinguish between the two using their respective characteristics in early stages. We should utilize experiences from other epidemics to provide additional guidance for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19.     

Seasonal coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2: effects of preexisting immunity during the COVID-19 pandemic

Although the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is still ongoing, vaccination rates are rising slowly and related treatments and drugs are being developed. At the same time, there is increasing evidence of preexisting immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in humans, mainly consisting of preexisting antibodies and immune cells (including T cells and B cells). The presence of these antibodies is mainly due to the seasonal prevalence of four common coronavirus types, especially OC43 and HKU1. The accumulated relevant evidence has suggested that the target of antibodies is mainly the S2 subunit of S protein, followed by evolutionary conservative regions such as the nucleocapsid (N) protein. Additionally, preexisting memory T and B cells are also present in the population. Preexisting antibodies can help the body protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection, reduce the severity of COVID-19, and rapidly increase the immune response post-infection. These multiple effects can directly affect disease progression and even the likelihood of death in certain individuals. Besides the positive effects, preexisting immunity may also have negative consequences, such as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and original antigenic sin (OAS), the prevalence of which needs to be further established. In the future, more research should be focused on evaluating the role of preexisting immunity in COVID-19 outcomes, adopting appropriate policies and strategies for fighting the pandemic, and vaccine development that considers preexisting immunity.     

Development and validation of an individualized nomogram for early prediction of the duration of SARS-CoV-2 shedding in COVID-19 patients with non-severe disease

With the number of cases of coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19) increasing rapidly, the World Health Organization(WHO) has recommended that patients with mild or moderate symptoms could be released from quarantine without nucleic acid retesting, and self-isolate in the community. This may pose a potential virus transmission risk. We aimed to develop a nomogram to predict the duration of viral shedding for individual COVID-19 patients. This retrospective multicentric study enrolled 135 patients as a training cohort and 102 patients as a validation cohort. Significant factors associated with the duration of viral shedding were identified by multivariate Cox modeling in the training cohort and combined to develop a nomogram to predict the probability of viral shedding at 9, 13, 17, and 21 d after admission. The nomogram was validated in the validation cohort and evaluated by concordance index(C-index), area under the curve(AUC), and calibration curve. A higher absolute lymphocyte count(P=0.001) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio(P=0.013) were correlated with a shorter duration of viral shedding, while a longer activated partial thromboplastin time(P=0.007) prolonged the viral shedding duration. The C-indices of the nomogram were 0.732(95% confidence interval(CI): 0.685-0.777) in the training cohort and 0.703(95% CI: 0.642-0.764) in the validation cohort. The AUC showed a good discriminative ability(training cohort: 0.879, 0.762, 0.738, and 0.715 for 9, 13, 17, and 21 d; validation cohort: 0.855, 0.758, 0.728, and 0.706 for 9, 13, 17, and 21 d), and calibration curves were consistent between outcomes and predictions in both cohorts. A predictive nomogram for viral shedding duration based on three easily accessible factors was developed to help estimate appropriate self-isolation time for patients with mild or moderate symptoms, and to control virus transmission.     

Structural and physiological changes of the human body upon SARS-CoV-2 infection

Since December 2019, the novel coronavirus(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)) has spread to many countries around the world, developing into a global pandemic with increasing numbers of deaths reported worldwide. To data, although some vaccines have been developed, there are no ideal drugs to treat novel coronavirus pneumonia(coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)). By examining the structure of the coronavirus and briefly describing its possible pathogenesis based on recent autopsy reports conducted by various teams worldwide, this review analyzes the possible structural and functional changes of the human body upon infection with SARS-CoV-2. We observed that the most prominent pathological changes in COVID-19 patients are diffuse alveolar damage(DAD) of the lungs and microthrombus formation,resulting in an imbalance of the ventilation/perfusion ratio and respiratory failure. Although direct evidence of viral infection can also be found in other organs and tissues, the viral load is relatively small. The conclusion that the injuries of the extrapulmonary organs are directly caused by the virus needs further investigation.     

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the pregnancy outcomes of women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs): a systematic review and meta-analysis

The global outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to the suspension of most treatments with assisted reproductive technique (ART). However, with the recent successful control of the pandemic in China, there is an urgent public need to resume full reproductive care. To determine whether the COVID-19 pandemic had any adverse effects on female fertility and the pregnancy outcomes of women undergoing ART, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using the electronic Chinese and English databases. Dichotomous outcomes were summarized as prevalence, and odds ratios (ORs) and continuous outcomes as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). The risk of bias and subgroup analyses were assessed using Stata/SE 15.1 and R 4.1.2. The results showed that compared with women treated by ART in the pre-COVID-19 time frame, women undergoing ART after the COVID-19 pandemic exhibited no significant difference in the clinical pregnancy rate (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.19; I ²=0.0%), miscarriage rate (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.14; I ²=38.4%), embryo cryopreservation rate (OR 2.90, 95% CI 0.17 to 48.13; I ²=85.4%), and oocyte cryopreservation rate (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.03 to 3.65; I ²=81.6%). This review provided additional evidence for gynecologists to guide the management of women undergoing ART treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic timeframe.     

Clinical characteristics and plasma antibody titer of patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang,China

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which first affected humans in China on December 31, 2019 (Shi et al., 2020). Coronaviruses generally cause mild, self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections in humans, such as the common cold, pneumonia, and gastroenteritis (To et al., 2013; Berry et al., 2015; Chan et al., 2015). According to the Report of the World Health Organization (WHO)-China Joint Mission on COVID-19 (WHO, 2020), the case fatality rate of COVID-19 increases with age, while the rate among males is higher than that among females (4.7% and 2.8%, respectively). Since an effective vaccine and specific anti-viral drugs are still under development, passive immunization using the convalescent plasma (CP) of recovered COVID-19 donors may offer a suitable therapeutic strategy for severely ill patients in the meantime. So far, several studies have shown therapeutic efficacy of CP transfusion in treating COVID-19 cases. A pilot study first reported that transfusion of CP with neutralizing antibody titers above 1:640 was well tolerated and could potentially improve clinical outcomes through neutralizing viremia in severe COVID-19 cases (Chen et al., 2020). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM are the most abundant and important antibodies in protecting the human body from viral attack (Arabi et al., 2015; Marano et al., 2016). Our study aimed to understand the aspects of plasma antibody titer levels in convalescent patients, as well as assessing the clinical characteristics of normal, severely ill, and critically ill patients, and thus provide a basis for guiding CP therapy. We also hoped to find indicators which could serve as a reference in predicting the progression of the disease.     

Factors associated with a SARS-CoV-2 recurrence after hospital discharge among patients with COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: The proportion of recurrences after discharge among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported to be between 9.1% and 31.0%. Little is known about this issue, however, so we performed a meta-analysis to summarize the demographical, clinical, and laboratorial characteristics of non-recurrence and recurrence groups. Methods: Comprehensive searches were conducted using eight electronic databases. Data regarding the demographic, clinical, and laboratorial characteristics of both recurrence and non-recurrence groups were extracted, and quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted. Results: Ten studies involving 2071 COVID-19 cases were included in this analysis. The proportion of recurrence cases involving patients with COVID-19 was 17.65% (between 12.38% and 25.16%) while older patients were more likely to experience recurrence (weighted mean difference (WMD)=1.67, range between 0.08 and 3.26). The time from discharge to recurrence was 13.38 d (between 12.08 and 14.69 d). Patients were categorized as having moderate severity (odds ratio (OR)=2.69, range between 1.30 and 5.58), while those with clinical symptoms including cough (OR=5.52, range between 3.18 and 9.60), sputum production (OR=5.10, range between 2.60 and 9.97), headache (OR=3.57, range between 1.36 and 9.35), and dizziness (OR=3.17, range between 1.12 and 8.96) were more likely to be associated with recurrence. Patients presenting with bilateral pulmonary infiltration and decreased leucocyte, platelet, and CD4⁺ T counts were at risk of COVID-19 recurrence (OR=1.71, range between 1.07 and 2.75; WMD=−1.06, range between −1.55 and −0.57, WMD=−40.39, range between −80.20 and −0.48, and WMD=−55.26, range between −105.92 and −4.60, respectively). Conclusions: The main factors associated with the recurrence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) after hospital discharge were older age, moderate severity, bilateral pulmonary infiltration, laboratory findings including decreased leucocytes, platelets, and CD4⁺ T counts, and clinical symptoms including cough, sputum production, headache, and dizziness. These factors can be considered warning indicators for the recurrence of SARS-CoV-2 and might help the development of specific management strategies.     

Clinical and immune response characteristics among vaccinated persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 delta variant: a retrospective study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to observe the clinical and immune response characteristics of vaccinated persons infected with the delta variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Yangzhou, China.MethodsWe extracted the medical data of 129 patients with delta-variant infection who were admitted to Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital (Yangzhou, China) between August and September, 2021. The patients were grouped according to the number of vaccine doses received into an unvaccinated group: a one-dose group and a two-dose group. The vaccine used was SARS-CoV-2-inactivated vaccine developed by Sinovac. We retrospectively analyzed the patients’ epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and imaging data.ResultsAlmost all patients with delta-variant infection in Yangzhou were elderly, and patients with severe/critical illness were over 70 years of age. The rates of severe/critical illness (P=0.006), fever (P=0.025), and dyspnea (P=0.045) were lower in the two-dose group than in the unvaccinated group. Compared to the unvaccinated group, the two-dose group showed significantly higher lymphocyte counts and significantly lower levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and D-dimer during hospitalization and a significantly higher positive rate of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies at admission (all P<0.05). The cumulative probabilities of hospital discharge and negative virus conversion were also higher in the two-dose group than in the unvaccinated group (P<0.05).ConclusionsTwo doses of the SARS-CoV-2-inactivated vaccine were highly effective at limiting symptomatic disease and reducing immune response, while a single dose did not seem to be effective.