Toward a suitable concept for tutoring

Empirical studies of tutoring during the second year of life seem to have been marked by an implicit idea of causality oriented from the adult toward the child. Consequently, little attention has been paid to reciprocal relations. The study of deficiencies opens a field in which the child’s characteristics are important in the establishment of interactions and in the development of the psychological activities that are linked to them. From this perspective of analysis, this article examines the influence of the particular characteristics of children with Down syndrome (due to trisomy 21) on interaction in parental tutoring. Thirty-six parent-non deficient child dyads (14, 18 and 22 months) and thirty six parent-Down syndrome child dyads (matched to the latter in developmental age) were observed during a shape-fitting activity. Results show that the instructions given by parents of Down syndrome children are better adapted to furthering autonomy than the instructions given by parents of non deficient children. The results are discussed in terms of what may condition different types of parental help.     

市场营销学导学模式初探

现代远程开放教育模式是一种引导式、指导式教育,旨在发挥学生学习的主观能动性,市场营销学是一门操作性、实践性很强的学科,适宜于引导式、启发式教学模式运用,本文通过把远程开放教育的特点和《市场营销学》课程特色的有机结合,运用科学教育理念,制定个性化导学教案,以达到课程教学的预期效果。     

Toward a judgment model of college satisfaction

We define college satisfaction as a student's cognitive evaluation of the overall quality of his/her college life at a particular institution of higher education. College satisfaction is worthy of study because of its link with GPA and turnover, and because it is an important subjective educational outcome in its own right. Most research on college satisfaction has been guided by Spady's (1970) framework. Overall, student attributes, objective college outcomes, and objective characteristics of college environments account for modest amounts of variance in college satisfaction. To augment Spady's framework, we present a preliminary model of college satisfaction that emphasizes inference components and information processing. Hypotheses are delineated concerning how the relations between objective college outcomes and college satisfaction judgments may be moderated by encoding and interpretation, identifying implications, integration of implications, response selection, attention, and memory.     

Toward a general model of instructional communication

A general model of instructional communication is advanced and the linkages of four components in the model are tested. Data were drawn from college teachers and college students through a split‐class design which permitted collection of unique data from teachers and two sets of their students. Using by‐class analyses of data it was determined that teacher self‐reported temperament is significantly correlated with students' perceptions of the teachers' communication behaviors and the students' evaluation of teachers' source credibility and task attractiveness. All of these measures were also found to predict learning outcomes and teacher evaluations of another group of students. The results support the general model and provide a foundation for future research in instructional communication.     

Toward a cooptive model of qualitative research

With the growing acceptance of qualitative (field observational and intensive interview) research in the social sciences, there has been increasing interest in the practical and philosophical issues related to these methods. Since the foundation of the methodology is social relations, scholars have made numerous attempts to construct an epistemology of research relations; among these are the research bargain, cooperative and conflict models of qualitative research. An alternative model is presented, the cooptive model, in which the basic assumptions are that 1. there is a highly situational element in the process of qualitative research, as there is in any other set of relations, which prevents its characterization as “fundamentally”; one of bargaining, cooperation or conflict; 2. the research respondent will attempt to coopt the researcher into her or his meaning world and 3. the uncautious researcher will, in a parallel manner, attempt to fit the respondent's meanings into the researcher's meaning world, thus violating the central task of qualitative research.     

《宏微观经济学》课程"三段"导学模式

本文尝试把五年来从事《宏微观经济学》教学工作中总结,归纳出来的"学习设计-精讲导学-多元互动"的导学模式以供从事现代远程开放教育的广大师生探讨与交流,以期抛砖引玉,进而改进自己教学的方式、方法。     

The use of a collaborative math tutoring model to improve content knowledge among special education teacher candidates

ABSTRACT

The mathematics achievement gap in special education is a chronic and significant challenge for the field. The need for improved teacher preparation in mathematics is crucial in addressing this gap. This study examines a capstone experience in higher level mathematics tutoring for preservice teachers. Results indicate that the experience was effective at improving preservice teachers’ higher level math content knowledge compared to teachers who did not receive experiential math learning in their teacher preparation. Implications for preservice teacher preparation programs are presented.     

Task-and-role-based access-control model for computational grid

Access control in a grid environment is a challenging issue because the heterogeneous nature and independent administration of geographically dispersed resources in grid require access control to use fine-grained policies. We established a task-and-role-based access-control model for computational grid (CG-TRBAC model), integrating the concepts of role-based access control (RBAC) and task-based access control (TBAC). In this model, condition restrictions are defined and concepts specifically tailored to Workflow Management System are simplified or omitted so that role assignment and security administration fit computational grid better than traditional models; permissions are mutable with the task status and system variables, and can be dynamically controlled. The CG-TRBAC model is proved flexible and extendible. It can implement different control policies. It embodies the security principle of least privilege and executes active dynamic authorization. A task attribute can be extended to satisfy different requirements in a real grid system.     

Apartheid in South Africa: Toward a model of psychological intervention

In this paper the authors argue that Euro-American mainstream models of psychological intervention have limited value in the context of South African apartheid. Given the unique nature of political oppression and economic disparity, apartheid in South Africa is a contributing etiological factor in the onset of psychological difficulties. The case is made that counselling and psychotherapy must go beyond merely dealing with intrapsychic phenomena, toward a mandate to address political, economic and social variables which influence behavior. Reformulations have occurred in the nature and form of apartheid resulting in a dynamic political and economic system that promises further shifts in the future. Given the undeniable delay between legal and political change on one hand, and the fundamental transformation of South Africa from a position of racism and violence to a democratic, non-racial society on the other hand, the search for alternative psychological intervention models will remain an imperative.     

Toward a typology of integration: Examining the documents model framework

Drawing on the Documents Model Framework, in two studies we investigate the types of multiple text models (e.g., mush model, separate representations model, documents model) reflected in students’ written responses, composed based on multiple texts. In among the first studies to holistically code written responses for the type of multiple text models they reflect, we find evidence for all of the multiple text representations specified in the Documents Model. We further examine the types of integration, or cross-textual connections, featured in students’ responses, including evidentiary (i.e., corroborating evidence), thematic (i.e., comparing main ideas across texts), and contextual (i.e., comparing meta-textual information, like author expertise) connections. Finally, we associate the types of multiple text models reflected in students’ written responses with various measures of integration, including the number of discourse connectives and citations included and self-reports of strategy use (Study 1), as well as with integrative utterances reported during a cued think-aloud (Study 2).     

Toward the development and validation of a career coach competency model

The career coaching profession is a dynamic field that has grown over the last decade. However, there exists a limitation to this field's development, as there is no universally accepted definition or empirically based competencies. There were three phases to the study. In the first phase, a conceptual model was developed that highlights four unique and distinct domains of the career coach. The model illuminates the triadic relationship between the client, the organization, and the coach. The second phase established a definition for career coaching, and the third phase involved using both the definition and conceptual model to create a list of skills and abilities, which was used to design a survey that was administered to 424 career coaches internationally. Through the use of factor analysis, an eight‐factor competency model emerged. Finally, it is hoped that these findings will lead to a vigorous academic and professional debate for the development of a universal, empirically based career coaching competency model.     

Theoretical considerations of peer tutoring

The need for a theoretical analysis of the peer tutoring process has been recognized by reviewers of the research in this area. This paper addresses itself to this need by discussing the process of peer tutoring from the various psychological, educational, and social perspectives. The main areas covered in the paper are: definitions of the peer tutoring process, the psychological and educational processes in peer tutoring as a learning and teaching experience, and the conceptualization of peer tutoring in terms of a cooperative social system and as a group reward structure. This theoretical discussion provides both the researcher and practitioner with a framework for studying and implementing peer tutoring for enhancing specific academic and social goals.     

Some principles of intelligent tutoring

Research on intelligent tutoring systems is discussed from the point of view of providing moment-by-moment adaptation of both content and form of instruction to the changing cognitive needs of the individual learner. The implications of this goal for cognitive diagnosis, subject matter analysis, teaching tactics, and teaching strategies are analyzed. The results of the analyses are stated in the form of principles about intelligent tutoring. A major conclusion is that a computer tutor, in order to provide adaptive instruction, must have a strategy which translates its tutorial goals into teaching actions, and that, as a consequence, research on teaching strategies is central to the construction of intelligent tutoring systems.     

Peer tutoring in writing: a school systems approach

In this study seven 10‐year‐old to 11‐year‐old students peer‐tutored seven six‐year‐old students in writing over a 10‐week period. Tutoring took place over 20‐minute sessions four times per week in the six‐year‐old students' regular classes during their usual writing time. The first author trained the tutors to assist tutees to (1) produce a writing plan, (2) use the plan to develop a piece of writing with help from the tutor, (3) proof‐read writing samples for meaning and accuracy, and (4) prompt tutees to make editing changes to their writing by asking appropriate questions. Samples of the writing of tutors and tutees were compared at baseline, intervention and follow‐up phases and the attitudes of participants towards the programme were evaluated. Unlike most peer tutoring programmes the study relied largely on intrinsic motivation for student participation, and utilised a procedure that required responsive feedback by tutors and a problem‐solving approach rather than a constrained linear methodology. Results indicated gains in terms of writing rate, accuracy, and audience ratings of clarity of message and enjoyment of writing, for tutors and tutees. Issues of programme maintenance and generalisation within the school system are discussed in addition to the implications for inclusive educational practice.     

Toward a reconceptualization of model development from models-and-modeling perspective in mathematics education

Educational Studies in Mathematics - Models-and-modeling perspective (MMP) is a problem-solving and learning perspective in mathematics education. Although modeling processes have been addressed...