A Century of Standardized Testing: Controversies and Pendulum Swings

Standardized testing has been an ever-expanding, albeit controversial, part of education in the United States throughout the 20th century. Views on specific uses of tests have changed over the years, sometimes making popular a type of testing or intended use of test results that was earlier rejected in favor of some other new approach or use, which in turn fell into disfavor. I use 2 test uses, grade-to-grade promotion and college admissions, to illustrate some of the controversies and pendulum swings.     

More Unintended Consequences of High-Stakes Testing

This article explores the basis of negative sentiments toward and current critiques of high-stakes student testing from within the education profession. To promote some balance for current policy debates, evidence for 10 unintended, unrecognized, or unarticulated positive consequences is provided. The article concludes with an examination of the relationship between high-stakes testing and accountability systems.     

阅读能力的内涵与测试

阅读是获取语言知识直接，最有效的方法，阅读能力则是衡量掌握语言综合能力的一项重要标志，对于英语教师和测试工作来说，理解阅读能力的内涵及其与测试之间的关系，科学地，有效地测试学习的英语阅读能力，对于提高课堂教学的效率和学习的兴趣，公平，客观地衡量，检测教学效果是非常重要的。     

Engagement in Academic Work: The Role of Learning Goals, Future Consequences, Pleasing Others, and Perceived Ability

Engagement in academic work was viewed from a multiple goals perspective. Two studies were conducted in which high school math students completed an instrument measuring five goals students might have for doing academic work (learning goals, performance goals, obtaining future consequences, pleasing the teacher, and pleasing the family), perceived math ability, self-regulatory activities, strategies (deep or shallow) used when studying for math, and the amount of effort and persistence expended on the class. Factor analysis indicated that the five goals scales and the perceived ability scale represented unique factors. The correlations among the variables revealed theoretically consistent interrelationships. Multiple regression analyses indicated that various goals (e.g., learning goals, obtaining future consequences, and pleasing the teacher), perceived ability, and some interactions accounted for significant amounts of variance in the task engagement measures (self-regulation, strategy use, effort, and persistence) and achievement. Results are discussed in relation to current theory and their practical implications.     

Unintended Consequences of External Testing in Elementary Schools

What is the impact of an external testing program on what teachers teach and the way they teach it? How does an external testing program affect a school's organization? Are these effects contrary to the general goal of improving schools?     

物理实验教学与学生创新能力的培养

随着信息化社会的发展,培养学生的创新能力变得尤为重要.在初中物理实验教学中应重视对学生的科学探究能力、创新意识以及科学精神的培养.还应让学生经历从自然到物理、生活到物理的认识过程,经历基本的科学探究实践,注意物理学科与其他学科的融合,使学生得到全面发展.     

Historical High-Stakes Policies Relating to Unintended Consequences of High-Stakes Testing

Current high-stakes, standardized testing policy is discussed through historical analogy with Chairman Mao's famine in China and the Maginot Line in France. Both of these national, high-stakes policies resulted in catastrophic failure. If the accountability movement's goals are to improve our ability to compete economically with other nations, we may also be heading for failure. Assessment should be aligned with the skills and knowledge crucial to our success in the future such as collaboration, experimentation, and comfort with ambiguity. Funds currently allocated to standardized testing should be reallocated to the development of measures for such skills and knowledge.     

博士生招考方式改革:特征、论争与反思

通过梳理博士生招考方式改革之流变,指出历次改革所呈现的特征.在总结博士生招考方式改革论争的基础上,提出扩大招生单位及导师招考自主权、加强新闻舆论和法律监督、健全淘汰机制可能是博士生招考方式未来改革之方向.     

体现素质要求注重能力考查--评2000年上海市高考物理试卷

教育部在<普通高校招生制度改革方案>中提出了"三个有助于"和"四个方面"的总体改革方案.对于高考内容的改革,"总体上将更加注重对考生能力和素质的考查,命题范围遵循中学教学大纲,但不拘泥于教学大纲,试题设计增加应用性和能力型题目,命题要把以知识立意转变为以能力立意,在考查学科能力的同时,注重考查跨学科的综合能力."2000年上海高考物理试卷的命题,充分体现了高考内容改革总的指导思想.     

能力测量发展中的若干新趋势

在认知心理学、现代测量模型探索与信息技术的推动下，21世纪的能力测量，出现了测验连续性校订、计算机化自适应测验、智能化项目创编以及跟教学结合在一起的动态测量等新趋势，从而使能力测量技术革新和对教育与社会生活的影响，出现崭新局面。     

浅谈英语听力能力和应试技巧的提高

随着我国对外开放的不断深入,国际交往日益频繁,提高外语听力能力势必变得更为迫切,社会上各种英语考试对英语听力能力的要求也越来越高。本文试从听力学习中存在的问题和对策入手,对英语听力能力的培养和应试技巧进行探讨。     

基于加权估计的软件实验室能力比对测试结果评价

为实现对软件测评实验室能力比对测试结果的定量分析与评价,本文在融合参加能力比对测试各方所发现软件缺陷的基础上,以测试广度和测试深度作为评价要素,选取正态分布作为趋势估计曲线,通过调整诸权重及系数、归一化趋势估计曲线幅度等手段,统一评价基准,构建出一种能力比对测试结果评价体系模型。还对此模型组织实施、关键过程实现手段等方面进行详细阐述。该评价模型可直接用于对软件测评实验室能力比对测试结果的定量分析与评价,对于构建新的定量评价体系也具有较强的借鉴意义。     

Comment on Cizek's "More Unintended Consequences of High-Stakes Testing"

This discussion provides a response to Gregory Cizek's "More Unintended Consequences of High-Stakes Testing." The current policy debate is characterized by extreme positions both for and against testing, and Cizek's article balances positive consequences against antitesting critics. However, there is no evidence that high-stakes testing per se has substantial positive consequences–although there is optimism that aligned educational systems, in which testing is a component, may lead to higher levels of student attainment.     

克拉克·克尔:“用”与巨型大学

在美国高等教育家克拉克.克尔看来,作为当代一种新型大学,巨型大学是因"用"而生,然而也正是"用"使得巨型大学内外部产生不平衡,并且不利于巨型大学的发展。这就需要巨型大学对其内外部的不平衡作出回应,从而平衡各方利益,推动大学向前发展。     

Student outcome indicators in Canada: Uses,issues and solutions

This chapter provides a Canadian perspective on K-12 student outcome indicators and has three major purposes: to identify types of indicators and sources of information, to describe provincial and national uses, and to discuss issues and solutions. It draws on a 1995 survey of provinces and territories.     

老仪器新用途——电磁打点计时器的新用途

介绍电磁打点计时器的新的实验方案,用来演示受迫振动和共振现象,演示波的传播、干涉、衍射和驻波等实验现象;还介绍利用电磁打点计时器制作频闪光源的简单方法,使被淘汰的老仪器焕发新的生机。