浅析现代短跑运动的专项力量训练特点与方法

一、正确认识现代短跑运动专项力量训练的指导思想及特点 短跑运动力量训练的指导思想,其准确与否的关键取决于对现代短跑运动技术发展趋势——短跑运动的特征、有效跑动技术,以及短跑运动专项特征的理解与把握。     

现代短跑技术训练特征分析

从生理学、生物力学、训练学理论出发对现代短跑(以短跑典型项目100米跑为主)技术特征进行分析,提出了现代短跑技术教学训练渐趋的四大特征,以期对改变短跑技术教学训练滞后于飞速发展的现代短跑运动实践的状况和提高我国短跑运动训练水平有所裨益。     

青少年短跑技术训练能量高效性利用方法探究

短跑属于一种速度型项目,具有不确定、竞争激烈、时间短等特点,需要运动员有超强的运动能力以及运动爆发力。为了适应新时代科技创新的不断发展,短跑运动的训练方式也要不断创新,尤其是要将青少年短跑技术训练能量高效利用。为此,本文对青少年短跑技术训练能量高效性利用方法展开探讨,希望能对今后的青少年短跑运动训练有所启迪。     

从我国短跑技术上存在的差距和问题谈少年短跑今后训练的对策

对中、外短跑运动技术与成绩进行分析比较,找出我国与世界先进水平所存在的差距及问题,分析其问题的根源。并着重指出这些差距和存在的问题也是我国少年短跑运动训练所存在的主要问题,它制约着少年技术及训练水平的提高。就此,结合我国少年短跑训练实践,运用中外短跑运动有关训练资料和科研成果及有关专家的论著,分析我国少年短跑运动技术与训练今后的走向,并对其训练提出建议。     

核心力量训练对青少年短跑运动员短跑成绩影响的实验研究

通过对我校田径队12名男子短跑运动员的核心力量训练,提高运动员的核心力量,有效提高了短跑运动员的短跑成绩,从而为提高短跑运动员的技术水平和运动成绩的进一步研究打下基础,以及为我国青少年短跑运动的可持续发展进行有益的探索。短跑;核心力量;训练     

试论影响短跑重复跑训练恢复效率的生化理论基础

运用文献资料、综合分析等研究方法,对短跑运动训练的摹本特点、生化理论基础以及短跑重复跑训练恢复效率等进行了研究,重点从生化角度对影响短跑重复跑训练恢复效率的部分因素进行讨论分析,并作相关结论,希望能为短跑运动训练提供一些参考。     

现代短跑专项力量训练

正短跑是支撑与腾空相交替,蹬与摆相结合的体能类速度——力量型周期性运动项目。短跑是速度与力量的较量,短跑运动员工作肌群的最大力量、快速力量、力量耐力与短跑的成绩密切相关。随着现代短跑技术的发展,力量训练的理念和方法应该与时俱进。因此,研究符合现代短跑技术的专项力量训练非常重要。专项力量训练是运动训练理论研究的热点问题,而力量训练手段的优化则是解决运动实践问题的迫切需要。目前,体育界普遍一致的观点是:快速力量是短跑力量训练的核心,以髋为     

析短跑运动的肌肉放松机制

从现代短跑运动技术结构特征、运动生理学和运动心理学角度 ,分析影响短跑肌肉放松及如何尽可能地保持短跑最高速度的机制 ,并就提高短跑运动肌肉放松能力 ,对短跑教学与训练提出一些参考意见。     

高中田径短跑力量训练

短跑运动不仅在竞技运动当中占据重要地位,还是田径运动的基础,在田径项目建设和其他竞技运动的发展当中扮演着重要角色。所以在高中阶段的体育活动中,教师要高度关注田径短跑训练,并在短跑教学指导过程中积极找寻影响学生短跑效果的关键因素。大量的研究和实践表明,力量训练是短跑训练的核心,是影响短跑成绩的体能因素,要让学生在短跑运动中充分发挥运动技术,提高运动成绩,就要对力量训练方法进行科学设计提高学生的爆发力以及速度,为学生的身体素质和运动技能的综合发展提供必要支持。     

提高中小学生短跑成绩的有效训练方法

短跑是极限强度的周期性运动项目,在对中小学生运动员进行短跑的训练时,要根据中小学生的生理特点来安排训练内容,特别要注重全面身体训练,抓好中小学阶段的速度练习有助于促进运动员的短跑速度。笔者在学校进行田径短跑训练已有多年,通过反复实践与探索取得了一定的成绩,现提供中小学业余短跑运动训练途径的经验,愿能为同行训练起到"抛砖引玉"的作用。     

Effects of flexibility and strength training on peak hamstring musculotendinous strains during sprinting

BackgroundHamstring injury is one of the most common injuries in sports involving sprinting. Hamstring flexibility and strength are often considered to be modifiable risk factors in hamstring injury. Understanding the effects of hamstring flexibility or strength training on the biomechanics of the hamstring muscles during sprinting could assist in improving prevention strategies and rehabilitation related to these injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of altering hamstring flexibility or strength on peak hamstring musculotendinous strain during sprinting.MethodsA total of 20 male college students (aged 18–24 years) participated and were randomly assigned to either a flexibility intervention group or a strength intervention group. Each participant executed exercise training 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Flexibility, sprinting, and isokinetic strength testing were performed before and after the 2 interventions. Paired t tests were performed to determine hamstring flexibility or strength intervention effects on optimal hamstring musculotendinous lengths and peak hamstring musculotendinous strains during sprinting.ResultsParticipants in the flexibility intervention group significantly increased the optimal musculotendinous lengths of the semimembranosus and biceps long head (p ≤ 0.026) and decreased peak musculotendinous strains in all 3 bi-articulate hamstring muscles (p ≤ 0.004). Participants in the strength-intervention group significantly increased the optimal musculotendinous lengths of all 3 hamstring muscles (p ≤ 0.041) and significantly decreased their peak musculotendinous strain during sprinting (p ≤ 0.017).ConclusionIncreasing hamstring flexibility or strength through exercise training may assist in reducing the risk of hamstring injury during sprinting for recreational male athletes.     

Muscle activity in sprinting: a review

The use of electromyography (EMG) is widely recognised as a valuable tool for enhancing the understanding of performance drivers and potential injury risk in sprinting. The timings of muscle activations relative to running gait cycle phases and the technology used to obtain muscle activation data during sprinting are of particular interest to scientists and coaches. This review examined the main muscles being analysed by surface EMG (sEMG), their activations and timing, and the technologies used to gather sEMG during sprinting. Electronic databases were searched using ‘Electromyography’ OR ‘EMG’ AND ‘running’ OR ‘sprinting’. Based on inclusion criteria, 18 articles were selected for review. While sEMG is widely used in biomechanics, relatively few studies have used sEMG in sprinting due to system constraints. The results demonstrated a focus on the leg muscles, with over 70% of the muscles analysed in the upper leg. This is consistent with the use of tethered and data logging EMG systems and many sprints being performed on treadmills. Through the recent advances in wireless EMG technology, an increase in the studies on high velocity movements such as sprinting is expected and this should allow practitioners to perform the analysis in an ecologically valid environment.     

Effects of forward trunk lean on hamstring muscle kinematics during sprinting

This study aimed to investigate the effects of forward trunk lean on hamstring muscle kinematics during sprinting. Eight male sprinters performed maximal-effort sprints in two trunk positions: forward lean and upright. A three-dimensional musculoskeletal model was used to compute the musculotendon lengths and velocity of the biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles during the sprinting gait cycle. The musculotendon lengths of all the three hamstring muscles at foot strike and toe-off were significantly greater during the forward trunk lean sprint than during the upright trunk sprint. In addition, a positive peak musculotendon lengthening velocity was observed in the biceps femoris long head and semimembranosus muscles during the late stance phase, and musculotendon lengths at that instant were significantly greater during the forward trunk lean sprint than during the upright trunk sprint. The present study provides significant evidence that a potential for hamstring muscle strain injury involving forward trunk lean sprinting would exist during the stance phase. The results also indicate that the biceps femoris long head and semimembranosus muscles are stretched during forward trunk lean sprinting while contracting eccentrically in the late stance phase; thus, the elongation load on these muscles could be increased.     

通过下肢肌电观察对部分短跑专门力量练习的分析

应用肌电图仪对短跑运动员做跨步跳、单足跳、负重蹲起等专门力量练习时进行了下肢肌电观察,并且与他们在短跑时所测得的肌电图做了比较。结果发现目前国内经常采用的这些专门力量练习在肌肉活动和技术结构上与短跑途中跑有明显差异,不利于短跑途中跑正确技术的训练。文中就短跑专门力量练习的选用提出了一些参考意见。     

Relationship between the peak time of hamstring stretch and activation during sprinting

The purpose of this study was to investigate the time series relationships between the peak musculotendon length and electromyography (EMG) activation during overground sprinting to clarify the risk of muscle strain injury incidence in each hamstring muscle. Full-body kinematics and EMG of the right biceps femoris long head (BFlh) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles were recorded in 13 male sprinters during overground sprinting at maximum effort. The hamstring musculotendon lengths during sprinting were computed using a three-dimensional musculoskeletal model. The time of the peak musculotendon length, in terms of the percentage of the running gait cycle, was measured and compared with that of the peak EMG activity. The maximum length of the hamstring muscles was noted during the late swing phase of sprinting. The peak musculotendon length was synchronous with the peak EMG activation in the BFlh muscle, while the time of peak musculotendon length in the ST muscle occurred significantly later than the peak level of EMG activation (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the BFlh muscle is exposed to an instantaneous high tensile force during the late swing phase of sprinting, indicating a higher risk for muscle strain injury.     

Differences in hamstring activation characteristics between the acceleration and maximum-speed phases of sprinting

This study aimed to investigate activation characteristics of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles during the acceleration and maximum-speed phases of sprinting. Lower-extremity kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) activities of the BFlh and ST muscles were examined during the acceleration sprint and maximum-speed sprint in 13 male sprinters during an overground sprinting. Differences in hamstring activation during each divided phases and in the hip and knee joint angles and torques at each time point of the sprinting gait cycle were determined between two sprints. During the early stance of the acceleration sprint, the hip extension torque was significantly greater than during the maximum-speed sprint, and the relative EMG activation of the BFlh muscle was significantly higher than that of the ST muscle. During the late stance and terminal mid-swing of maximum-speed sprint, the knee was more extended and a higher knee flexion moment was observed compared to the acceleration sprint, and the ST muscle showed higher activation than that of the BFlh. These results indicate that the functional demands of the medial and lateral hamstring muscles differ between two different sprint performances.     

Mechanics of the muscles crossing the hip joint during sprint running

Abstract

We aimed to demonstrate the changes over time in the lengths and forces of the muscles crossing the hip joint during overground sprinting and investigate the relationships between muscle lengths and muscle–tendon unit forces – particularly peak biceps femoris force. We obtained three-dimensional kinematics during 1 running cycle from 8 healthy sprinters sprinting at maximum speed. Muscle lengths and muscle–tendon unit forces were calculated for the iliacus, rectus femoris, gluteus maximus, and biceps femoris muscles of the target leg as well as the contralateral iliacus and rectus femoris. Our results showed that during sprinting, the muscles crossing the hip joint demonstrate a stretch-shortening cycle and 1 or 2 peak forces. The timing of peak biceps femoris force, expressed as a percentage of the running cycle (mean [SD], 80.5 [2.9]%), was synchronous with those of the maximum biceps femoris length (82.8 [1.9]%) and peak forces of the gluteus maximus (83.8 [9.1]%), iliacus (81.1 [5.2]%), and contralateral iliacus (78.5 [5.8]%) and also that of the peak pelvic anterior tilt. The force of the biceps femoris appeared to be influenced by the actions of the muscles crossing the hip joint as well as by the pelvic anterior tilt.     

Hamstring muscles’ function deficit during overground sprinting in track and field athletes with a history of strain injury

ABSTRACT

In this study, we aimed to clarify the characteristics of neuromuscular function, kinetics, and kinematics of the lower extremity during sprinting in track and field athletes with a history of strain injury. Ten male college sprinters with a history of unilateral hamstring injury performed maximum effort sprint on an athletic track. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of the long head of the biceps femoris (BFlh) and gluteus maximus (Gmax) muscles and three-dimensional kinematic data were recorded. Bilateral comparisons were performed for the EMG activities, pelvic anterior tilt angle, hip and knee joint angles and torques, and the musculotendon length of BFlh. The activity of BFlh in the previously injured limb was significantly lower than that in the uninjured limb during the late-swing phase of sprinting (p < 0.05). However, the EMG activity of Gmax was not significantly different between the previously injured and uninjured limbs. Furthermore, during the late-swing phase, a significantly more flexed knee angle (p < 0.05) and a decrease in BFlh muscle length (p < 0.05) were noted in the injured limb. It was concluded that previously injured hamstring muscles demonstrate functional deficits during the late swing phase of sprinting in comparison with the uninjured contralateral muscles.     

现代短跑摆腿技术的分析及训练手段设计

通过对现代短跑技术的再认识，从运动的统一体特征、运动力学和运动生理学角度分析现代短跑的摆腿技术，论述了摆腿技术是提高跑速的主要因素之一，并设计了摆腿技术的训练手段与方法。