俄罗斯电视结构的主要特征

与苏联时期相比 ,俄罗斯电视结构发生了很大变化 ,其中政治因素与经济因素的影响共同存在。并且 ,就俄罗斯电视业的进一步发展而言 ,经济因素所起的作用更为重要。目前 ,在俄罗斯的电视结构中 ,无线电视占据主导地位 ,有线电视与卫星电视发展缓慢 ;电视网参与全国电视市场的竞争 ;国家电视台与商业电视台并存成为俄罗斯电视结构中一个引人注目的现象 ;公共电视台的建立正在酝酿中。     

'Your Life in Their Hands': The context of a medical-media controversy

The establishment of Finnish television in the mid-1950s was heavily affected by the cold war politics. Both the Soviet Union and the United States were interested in the development of the Finnish television. Regular television transmissions were started by a commercial television station called TES-TV which was balancing between eastern and western interests. The Soviet attempts to interfere with the station were rejected, while the help from the United States was warmly welcomed. Thus the term Finlandization does not apply the early years of the Finnish commercial television. My main argument is that TES-TV became a site of balancing between East and West and, as such, symbolizes, Finland's role in the cold war. My analysis covers the launching of the company and its programming in 1956–1964. The empirical material draws mainly on archival material which is completed by interviews and the TV pages and articles published in a radio and television magazine.     

The American Filter

This study explored the television viewing habits of a cohort of Asian Indians who migrated to the US more than 40 years ago. This cohort eventually became acculturated into watching Indian television via the satellite dish. The study used the integrative communication theory and examined how two concepts of the theory relate to adaptation: enculturation and acculturation. The study produced findings that described how these Asian Indians used American television to acculturate to the US, but used American television as a filter through which they judged Indian television and distinguished between what they believed to be good and bad programming.     

‘AN INTELLIGENT AND EFFECTIVE USE OF THE RIVAL SCREEN’

Through an analysis of the first British television ‘trailers’, this article explores an intersection within media history where the film industry attempted to reach out and utilise the new dissemination medium of television. Whilst this moment could be read as an attempt to control the promotion of film on British commercial television, and impose American film trailer aesthetics on the ‘rival screen’, I explore the television trailer as an early cross-media text that offered a challenge to existing trailer structure and style. By focusing on the recreation of these lost texts through trade press commentary, the article provides a new perspective on industry attitudes, media technology and media relationships in this transitional moment.     

RESEARCHING THE HISTORY OF TELEVISION FOR WOMEN IN BRITAIN, 1947–1989

This report details the aims, methodology and selected findings of the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC)-funded project ‘A History of Television for Women in Britain, 1947–1989’, running between 2010 and 2013 at the University of Warwick and De Montfort University. Here, we consider the difficulties of conducting historical television research and the ways in which we have tried to use a method which is attentive to production research, textual analysis and audience work in a dialogic relationship. We discuss the work of Doreen Stephens, the BBC's first Editor, Women's Programmes, the ‘discovery’ of the daytime women's arts programme Wednesday Magazine and the ways in which the women who have participated in our study have described the significance of television for women in their lives. Finally, we discuss the ways in which the project has attempted to engage with constituencies outside the academy.     

The end of reckoning – archival silences in the Germaine Greer Archive

The Germaine Greer Archive was created by Greer in the 1970s to document her career and provide-counter evidence against false claims about her work and personal life. Later attempts to address gaps in the archive in relation to her television career were hampered by the poor record keeping of production companies and film and television archives. The archive documents both an attempt to create a complete record and the deliberate creation of a counter-narrative through arrangement and juxtaposition of records.     

FROM THE SCREEN TO ME, 1984–2008

This paper explores Apple and Microsoft television commercials from the last 25 years and argues that they visualize three phases of the human–computer relationship through the changing positions of the computer and the human body. The three phases are: disembodied cyberspace, embodied hybridity and ubiquity. Ultimately, what becomes apparent is the extent to which these television commercials demonstrate what Henry Jenkins calls a ‘cultural convergence’ in relation to the human–computer relationship and why this convergence experienced a shift from phase one to phase two around the turn of the millennium. The paper ends by examining more recent Apple and Microsoft television commercials in order to explore the possibility of a new, third phase in the human–computer relationship.     

The Alternative Platform: Kenya’s Television Stations Navigation During the Switch Off of Raila Odinga’s “Swearing-In”

ABSTRACT

The role of communication technologies in Kenyan newsrooms particularly from print media perspective has been investigated. However, how these technologies aid television journalism practice in Kenyan context is understudied. Using the government ban of selected television stations in Kenya during and after the symbolic “swearing-in” of opposition presidential candidate in the 2017 general election, this study investigated the influence of communication technologies by the affected television stations to circumvent government crackdown. Interview was used as the primary method for data collection. The findings of the study revealed that throughout the switch off period the newsrooms remained operational but forced to develop alternative strategies fundamentally buoyed by new media technologies to disseminate contents. Though the strategies produced unintended and unexpected effects as the findings indicated. The main challenge with technology, was news verification, since the stations were using guerrilla tactics to source news which was not easily forthcoming. In addition, there was economic implication, some advertisers demanded for a refund and potential advertisers refused to patronise the stations which according to one of the editors was hinged on fear of being targeted by government.     

中国电视纪录片的叙事转型

中国电视纪录片从诞生的1958年开始到2008年,走过了50年的历程。这50年,中国电视纪录片的叙事与中国社会文化语境的变化密切相关。50年历史的中国电视纪录片的叙事模式也发生了很大的变化:从事件实录到叙述,从意识形态化到人文化,从标准化到个性化。     

Playing by a Different Set of Rules

The notion that journalists in an interconnected world increasingly share values typically associated with the so-called “professional model” has gained considerable currency with scholars arguing that ideas such as a belief in journalistic autonomy, public service, objectivity, and the significance of ethics are widely espoused by journalists on a global scale. Underlying this conceptualization is a taken-for-granted assumption regarding the adoption of journalistic values that originated in Western democracies which neglects how they are embraced in non-Western contexts. This paper examines newsroom values in India’s regional television channels, which have emerged as a major news source in the country. Findings indicate that in the case of Indian regional television, local socio-political and economic factors undermine the adoption of professional norms derived from the Anglo-European model by Indian journalists who see such norms as having little functional value or relevance to their work.     

历史维度中的积极观众——对费斯克《电视文化》中受众观的解读

约翰·费斯克是美国大众文化的重要理论家与实践家,也是西方文化研究学派的代表人物之一。其所著述的《电视文化》可以说是他思想的一个总结,且集中阐释了他对电视观众的理解。费斯克认为,电视文本的开放产生了多义性,为观众的积极阅读提供了条件。电视观众是积极的,而不是单质的被动接受者。     

The Great British Broadcasting Competition

The business reasons behind the decision to start the BBC television service in 1936 remain unclear despite the volume of literature on the subject. Additionally, controversy has persisted regarding foreign involvement in what has been considered a fully British system. What is apparent from the literature is an emphasis placed on the technical development, generally under-representing other aspects of television. A new multi-disciplinary approach is proposed and applied here to explore the circumstances around the emergence of the service, together with hitherto neglected industry aspects: the business and commercial issues relating to broadcaster and suppliers. This paper highlights the primacy of the BBC television service as providing the first instance of what became a common template for live television creation whilst illustrating, with new evidence, foreign influence on British engineering development for the BBC service.     

袁同礼与美国国会图书馆

袁同礼为图书馆的一生分为前后两个阶段:第一阶段为1924年至1948年,这二十多年是袁同礼献身中国图书馆事业的阶段;第二阶段为1948年至1965年初,这十七年是他在美国国会图书馆从事治学和著述的阶段,袁同礼一生的主要著述多是在这一时期完成的。本文主要论述、评析了袁同礼在美国国会图书馆的主要事迹。     

Television Use and Social Capital: Testing Putnam's Time Displacement Hypothesis

Robert Putnam (1995a, 19956) charged that television is the driving force behind the decline in social capital in America. He argued that television viewing has privatized our leisure time, thus inhibiting participation outside the home. However, Putnam's time displacement hypothesis never has been tested. We empirically examined the extent to which television reduces social capital through time displacement. Analyses of data from a Midwestern city (N = 416) did not support the time displacement hypothesis; time spent with television did not affect civic engagement through perceptions of time pressure. There was only a direct negative impact of television viewing time on civic engagement. Time spent reading newspapers enhanced engagement. Moreover, this relation worked indirectly through time pressures-the more time spent with newspapers, the less time pressures one perceived.     

The impact of Korean television drama viewership on the social perceptions of single life and having fewer children in married life

The purpose of this study was twofold. On the ground of Gerbner's cultivation theory, it examined the effect of South Korean drama consumption on the perceived prevalence of single life and having fewer children in married life. It also tested the causality of cultivation effects through a priming methodology. Results indicated that the perceived prevalence of having fewer children in married life was significantly affected by exposure to dramas which positively feature single life and having fewer children in married life on television. The findings provide public health policy-makers and communication campaigners with valuable theoretical relationships, as well as their practical implications.     

BRITISH PARTY ELECTION BROADCASTS IN THE 1950s

The debate about the American influence on political communication practices worldwide has raised a range of issues about how such a process might work. Much of the research in the field, however, has examined possible influences on practices in the last quarter of the twentieth century. By then, it could be argued, common global practices had become established in many Western Democracies. The aim of this paper is to explore a period before these changes had taken place, namely the 1950s and the 1960s, when television was still in its infancy in both Britain and the US, when new and different practices were being tried out and a period in which it might still be possible to look at influences at the dawn of political broadcasting. By focusing on the emergence and development of a specific form of political communication, namely, dedicated, unmediated, paid-for or free party election communication, in the US and in Britain in this early period, it might be possible to examine if, and how, American practices might have influenced British ones. Using unpublished work drawing on a range of archives and personal interviews that focus on interactions across the Atlantic, this paper argues that in this period, the two countries developed a range of different practices that cannot easily lend support to the idea of Americanisation. The paper concludes with a discussion of the need for more research into the domestic negotiations of transatlantic interactions.     

Women's employment and professional empowerment in South Korean dramas: a 10-year analysis

This study examined how Korean dramas portray the relationship between women's life and work. Men were shown as more affluent, more educationally privileged, older, and yet less likely to be married than women. Far more men than women were employed outside the home and holding a professional occupation or managerial position. Among young adult characters, marriage increased men's employment but decreased women's. Married men were also the most likely to be professionals or managers whereas it was highly unlikely for women, whether married or single. The negative effects of being a parent on employment and on holding a professional or managerial position were consistent for women and men. Examination of women and men's employment and professional empowerment for the past 10 years in television dramas and South Korean social statistics revealed a parallel between television reality and the observed reality, except for a gross overrepresentation of men as professionals or managers in the dramas.     

Exemplars as Argumentative Strategy in Broadcast News: Analyzing the Case of Chile

ABSTRACT

On television news, exemplification is almost inevitable, as newscast cannot represent reality but through a particular object that is caught on camera: the only way to signify something abstract on television is precisely through a concrete particularity. The present study analyzes the main stories in a sample of national broadcast news in Chile, where broadcast news remains the most important source of information. Based on a content analysis, results show that particular case reports are widespread in Chilean television news, especially in hard news stories about the economy and crime. They also further evidence on the homogenization of television coverage between commercially run private and public broadcasters. Findings are linked to past research in the Latin American theoretical tradition that underscores the relevance of vivid and emotional representation on television.