PERIODICALS,THE BOOK TRADE AND THE ‘BOURGEOIS PUBLIC SPHERE’

Despite recent assertions about the new prospects opened up by the literary periodicals which emerged in the years immediately following the expiry in 1695 of the Licensing of Print Act, it is apparent that, right through to the 1740s, writing for the stage remained the best prospect for a writer hoping to make a living by the pen. We should therefore be cautious before we make sweeping generalizations either about the profits to be made out of periodical publication or the expanding opportunities they presented for professional writers, let alone about the role of the periodical essays of Addison and Steele in the emergence of ‘a bourgeois public sphere’ in which hierarchy was suspended, and which was accessible to all. Despite The Spectator's advocacy of polite rational exchange, historical consideration of the periodical press at this time reveals a high degree of political partisanship.     

THE ‘RADICAL’ NARRATIVE,POLITICAL THOUGHT AND PRAXIS

This article offers a methodological refinement to the radical narrative of media history and advocates an exploration of the ideological dynamics of media texts as a crucial component of their praxis. Focusing on early to mid nineteenth-century utilitarian theory and praxis as exemplified in newspapers and pamphlets such as the Westminster Review, the Examiner and Pamphlets for the People, the article offers a sophisticated ideological critique which is intended to augment radical analyses of media history. This analysis allows a more focused and precise account of the ways in which early proto-liberal reformers used the press in their political strategy. Despite the Philosophic Radicals Mill, John S. 1873. Autobiography, London: Longmans, Green and Dyer.  [Google Scholar] having democratic aspirations, the article identifies inherent paternalistic and oppressive components of this praxis which has their seeds in classical Greek political thought.     

‘AN INTELLIGENT AND EFFECTIVE USE OF THE RIVAL SCREEN’

Through an analysis of the first British television ‘trailers’, this article explores an intersection within media history where the film industry attempted to reach out and utilise the new dissemination medium of television. Whilst this moment could be read as an attempt to control the promotion of film on British commercial television, and impose American film trailer aesthetics on the ‘rival screen’, I explore the television trailer as an early cross-media text that offered a challenge to existing trailer structure and style. By focusing on the recreation of these lost texts through trade press commentary, the article provides a new perspective on industry attitudes, media technology and media relationships in this transitional moment.     

REPRESENTING ‘INFORMAL EMPIRE’ IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

This article proposes an approach to media imperialism from the telegraphic news agencies’ point of view. Since the mid-nineteenth century, in fact, Western imperial interests were reflected in the geographical expansion led by the first international news agencies. The War of the Pacific (1879–83) in South America provides an entry point for investigating both the notion of the British ‘informal empire’ and the role of the first telegraphic news agencies in the South American region. The history of the news agency business in the subcontinent from the 1850s onwards helps contextualize the conflict between the South American republics of Bolivia, Chile and Peru as news agencies, newspapers and other information practices of the time revealed this event in Europe and the rest of the world. By the end of the war, Reuters and Havas (the British and the French news agencies), numbered their own casualties as a consequence of their confrontation in an extra-European region.     

UNIVERSITIES,PUBLIC SERVICE RADIO AND THE ‘AMERICAN SYSTEM’ OF COMMERCIAL BROADCASTING, 1921–40

In the second half of the nineteenth century, several Hebrew journals were established, creating a new cross-communal printed public sphere. At the time, Hebrew was merely a language embedded within the two languages of daily communication – spoken Jewish vernacular (Yiddish in Eastern European communities) and the state vernacular. It lacked an active basic vocabulary for many spheres of modern life and was no longer used in everyday or political discussion. In this paper, I investigate the linguistic choice of Hebrew by comparing three of the main nineteenth-century journals – HaMaggid, HaMelitz and HaTzfira. The reasons for using Hebrew were distinct and individual for each journal. Yet, I argue that choosing Hebrew had more indirect, national repercussions: even when it was not the primary rationale for its use, journalistic Hebrew acted as a catalyst for the rise of modern Jewish nationalism.     

THE USE OF THE ARCHIEST’S PEN AND UNIVERSAL PH SOLUTION ESTIMATING THE SURFACE PH OF PAPER

Abstract

White crystals have been found to grow on the surface of a number of wax artifacts. Analysis was carried out on samples of wax and crystals taken from a Victorian wax fruit arrangement displaying crystalline growth. The possible relationship between crystallization, cracking and changes in temperature is explored.     

‘骨头’与‘血肉’

长云同志: 你在来信中提出一个问题:“怎样把经济报道写得更生动些,更活跃些,更显得有血有肉?”对此,我想谈谈自己的感受。要把经济报道写活。涉及的方面很多,包括在题材上要“抓活鱼”,内容上要敢于触及现实经济生活中的矛盾,形式上要改进生产,会议的老一套报道程式等。在这里,我想先谈其中的一个方面,即处理好报道中“骨头”和“血肉”的关系,力求使经济报道丰满一些,引人入胜一些。有些通讯员的来稿主     

“PUBLIC EDITORS” AND MEDIA GOVERNANCE AT THE GUARDIAN AND THE NEW YORK TIMES

This paper examines the columns of Ian Mayes, the first Readers' Editor of The Guardian, and of Daniel Okrent, the first Public Editor of The New York Times, to provide an empirically grounded and theoretically informed analysis of the emergent role of newspaper public editors. To do this, the paper positions the emergence of public editors as part of a wider trend towards the adoption of mechanisms of media accountability, and engages with academic literature that has positioned this trend within an emergent paradigm of “media governance”. The empirical dimension of the paper is grounded in quantitative and qualitative analysis of columns written by Mayes and Okrent during their tenure as public editors at the two newspapers, as well as key organisational documents. The findings of the data analysis suggest that, in the context of debates around media accountability and governance, there is a need to consider forms of governance such as public editors in the context of broader social and organisational concerns with declining trust, managing corporate risk and providing external demonstrations of legitimacy, and a renewed and targeted emphasis on journalistic professionalism.     

说‘长’道‘短’

目前,笔者有幸参加上海市政协好新闻的评选,经十多名评委反复筛选,再郑重投票,最终推选出额定的数篇优秀文稿。其中,以反映政治、经济和社会生活见长的解放日报的通讯《教育的困惑》以全票当选,而以科教文为特色的文汇报却以通讯《沪郊农业要走向大市场》博得众多评委的青睐。这一评选结果揭晓后,上述两大报的评选代表几乎异口同声地笑着向对方说:“我们这篇通讯本该是贵报写的!”这句就评选结果而发的感慨性的笑话,颇值得回味。它一方面反映出在当前激烈的新闻竞争中,各个新闻单位都在紧     

THE VIRGIN AND CHILD FROM THE CHURCH OF DAL (NORWAY)—EXAMINATION AND RESTORATION

Abstract

A polychromed sculpture was restored and examined. The shrine is made from pine-wood and the sculpture from oak. The ground consists of chalk and animal glue; the pigments are: azurite, a green copper pigment, yellow organic colouring material, orpiment, red lead, vermilion, red organic colouring material, iron oxide red, lead white and charred matter (charcoal ?). Metals used are gold and silver. The medium is on a drying-oil base to which a protein-containing material is added. Generally, the colours were built up in two layers. There is an extensive use of imitation gold, while the use of gold foil is limited to the areas of hair and the flowers on the garments.

In general, the wood in all parts of the object was in good condition and no general impregnation was needed. Cracks in the shrine were filled in with wood or rejoined. The sculpture, which was split in two, was glued together. The condition of the polychromy was relatively good, and only local treatment was required.     

勾践‘尝胆’未‘卧薪’

越王勾践卧薪尝胆,矢志复仇,是青少年熟悉的故事。“卧薪尝胆”后来就成为人们用以刻苦自励,发愤图强的成语. 但在中学历史课本中,讲吴越争霸时,只说勾戏舔尝苦胆,而不说卧薪尝胆这个成语。这是有道理的.吴越争霸,勾践“尝胆”,最早见于西汉司马迁写的《史记·越世家》,说勾践“置胆于坐,坐卧即仰胆,饮食亦尝胆电”.而“卧薪尝胆”这个成语直到宋朝才出现。此成语最早见于北宋苏轼的《拟孙权答曹操书》     

既要‘爱富’也‘济贫’

时下,新闻界存在着这样一种不良现象:当一个地区、一家企业经济效益红火时,记者如云,络绎不绝,而一旦效益不佳,滑入低谷时,就难觅记者的踪影。有人将这一现象称为“嫌贫爱富”。 坚持正面宣传为主,固然要多报道一些经济发达的地区、经营效益好的企业,以指导和推动经济全面发展,但经济欠发达的地区、暂时处于低谷的企业不等于不能从正面去宣传,况且它们也更加需要宣传,今年春节期间,《新华日报》组织记者到贫困地区采访,特别是到一些贫困户家中采访,了解他们的生活状况和困难。这组稿件     

精心采写‘火柴盒’和‘火柴棍’

湖南岳阳石油化工总厂供排水厂的职工把黄正元登在报刊上的小文章称为“火柴盒”,一句话新闻称之为“火柴棍”。黄正元听到大家这样称呼他的文章,心里感到美滋滋的。因为他认为“火柴盒”和“火柴棍”都能擦燃发光发热,以小见大,滴水映大海,同样能对两个文明建设起到促进作用。黄正元是供排水厂厂长办公室企业经营管理员兼厂企业管理协会秘书。为了宣传党的方针政策,促进改革工作,他自觉地利用业余时间为新闻单位撰写稿件。1985年,他写了近百篇稿子,投寄后,石沉大海,但他不灰心,认真找原因,努力学习。为了提高     

REUTERS AND THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT – RE-VISITED

In response to Dr Silberstein-Loeb's assessment of the Reuters/British government relationship during the First World War, this article reinforces and enlarges upon the role of the British Foreign Office in securing control over Reuters. This control was obtained with the agreement of Reuters' senior management who were keen to secure government financial support. The government (contrary to Dr Silberstein-Loeb's assessment) played a leading role in developing a mechanism to achieve control. The importance it attached to this is evident in the creation of ‘share 999’, a special share held by government nominees which gave its holders a power of veto over board resolutions.     

‘兴趣’与‘妙悟’的得失

严羽深浸禅学,其诗论著作《沧浪诗活》具有浓厚的玄秘色彩,加之概念界定不明,内涵模糊不清,遂成为宋以后文论家争论的热点。要想优游倘佯于这座有几分神秘色彩的理论殿堂,不妨把“兴趣”、“妙悟”作为升堂入室的钥匙。陈伯海同志的《严羽和沧浪诗话》正是从此入手,展开他那精微深刻的理论分析。     

‘New China’ or ‘New America’?

This article examines the American-mediated myth of ‘new China’ spanning from the Chinese Revolution in 1911 to the American recognition of the Chinese Republic in 1913, in an effort to understand the complicated relations between news discourse, cultural issues and foreign relations in this particular historical context. The Chinese Revolution, overthrowing a deep-rooted feudalism and establishing an Americanized republican government, appealed to American sentiments of religious sympathy and ethnocentrism during the Progressive Era. The media myth of ‘new China’ was not only a significant part of discourses which enhanced American identity and nationalism, but also acted as the cognitive context and a determinant reason in the political discourse towards recognizing China.     

莫把‘冷饭’当‘鲜菜’

编辑同志. 我的一篇新闻稿,自己认为还不错,但是,没能被采用。今来信让你们看一下,缺点在哪里。我知道你们人少,工作忙,但是我的心情,你们应该理解。今年只打扰一次,望能给予答复。此致敬礼河南省孟津县白鹤乡雷湾村秦占平秦占平同志; 《新闻与写作》编辑部把你的信转给了我,要我解答你提出的问题。鉴于我水平有限,回答得不一定使你满意,只是向你提出几个值得深入探讨的问题     

愿君‘写’、‘作’并马行

一个“写”字,一个“作”字,合起来才称写作。这是要求写文章的人言行一致,不能笔下一套,作的是另一套。听说,有两位手持《青年导报》通讯员证的青年去县车队采访学习雷锋的事迹,采访后这两位青年竟向车队领导提出给予“乘车方便”,包括免费乘车。作为业余通讯员,其采访活动多数是小范围的,就是较大范围的采访确需乘车,也必须按国家规定买票上车。因此,这样的“要求”理所当然地     

Romancing ‘kung fu master’ – from ‘yellow peril’ to ‘yellow prowess’

Present study critically investigates the cinematic depiction of leading Chinese masculine figures in Hollywood film productions, with a specific focus on how the positioning of white female characters romantically involved with Chinese martial arts fighters serves to construct Chinese masculinity. In noted films such as The Tuxedo (2002), Kiss of the Dragon (2001), and Dragon: Bruce Lee Story (1993), Chinese martial arts fighters not only managed to fight off white antagonists but also succeeded in winning the ‘heart’ of white heroines. Drawing on Gestner's theoretical assertion that white women's falling for a man of color signifies the invasive movement of a new masculine discourse into the space traditionally bounded by the ideal of white masculinity, and grounded on Hall's conception of articulation, my critical examination of these three film texts revealed how the privileged cultural and racial position of whiteness was reformulated and rejustified via the strategic dramatic construction of romantic encounters between Chinese martial artists and their white partners. More importantly, the current study sheds light on an emerging form of cultural politics that transformed conventional mediated construction of interracial romance and yet perpetuated the racial hierarchy sustained through racist assumption and ideology.