唐代河朔藩镇进奉浅论

对中央威权的依赖是河朔藩镇进奉的内在原因，其进奉有定期岁贡和临时进献两种形式。河朔藩镇对中央的进奉说明其与唐王朝中央政府的关系仍然属于一般意义上的地方与中央关系的范畴，而不是与唐王朝并立的对等政权。     

唐代河朔三镇两税法实施情况略论

两税法的内容包括征税原则和税收分配原则两方面。就河朔三镇内部而言,两税法在河朔地区得到了与其他承顺地区同步的、完全实施。从中央与地方关系的角度考虑,河朔三镇对两税法的实施是不完全的和有限度的。河朔三镇两税法实施上的特点一方面说明河朔三镇是具有较大独立性和割据性的地方政治、军事、经济实体;另一方面又表明河朔三镇与唐中央的关系仍然属于一般意义上的地方与中央关系的范畴,而不是与唐王朝并立的对等政权。     

唐中后期东南型藩镇动乱研究

唐代中后期藩镇林立,这些藩镇或依附于中央,或割据一方与中央对抗,致使唐王朝动荡不安。东南型藩镇是指控制荆南、湖南、福建、鄂岳、江西、淮南、宣歙、浙西、浙东等地区的藩镇。这些藩镇在广德元年(763年)至乾符元年(874年)的唐中后期这一百多年间,共发生十二起动乱。从时间上看,这些动乱主要集中于德宗与宣宗时期。从空间上看,这些动乱主要集中于浙西地区。东南型藩镇虽只有十二起动乱,但其动摇了唐王朝的主要经济来源,加快了唐王朝的覆灭。     

评李德裕对河朔的政策

河朔问题自安史之乱以后一直是唐廷感到最为棘手的问题。然而,在武宗朝,唐廷和河朔的紧张关系却曾一度出现罕见的缓解局面。其原因即在李德裕对河朔政策的成功。河朔自形成对唐中央集权的威胁之后,由于它在整个藩镇格局中所占的重要地位而一直受到唐廷的特别关注。因此,宪宗即位之初,对付河朔割据问题就成为当时裁抑藩镇方针的重心。其政策主要是:企图革除河朔节帅传袭制,或者通过折镇割州等手段削     

唐中后期桂管与中央关系探析

桂管是唐王朝在岭南地区设置的一个边疆型藩镇,它自设立之初就长期处在唐中央的管控之下,其府帅由唐中央任命,其军队数量、管州范围、势力强弱皆受唐中央的制约。在桂管与唐中央关系的发展过程中,其独立性逐渐增强,其地位、级别也不断变化,至唐末,桂管升为静江军节度使。随着唐王朝的日益衰败,桂管走上地方割据的道路,并最终并入马楚政权。桂管在唐中后期的岭南地区始终发挥着稳定与巩固统治的作用,其发展嬗变亦对当时政治形势产生了深刻影响。     

唐代进奉现象研究综述

进奉在唐代是一个背景复杂、影响深刻的现象.既存研究将目光更多汇聚在进奉概念、进奉物品、各种政治势力与进奉关系等面相上,取得了不容忽视的进展.如果放宽视野,将进奉置于整个唐朝社会动态纷呈的历史图景中考察唐后期的社会问题,或可增进对唐代社会的认识,进而更深刻理解进奉对唐王朝兴衰的特殊意义.     

唐德宗朝河朔政策之变——以王武俊谥号用字之争为视角

王武俊谥"忠烈",其三次叛唐的行迹显然不符合此谥号之本意,唐德宗赐谥王武俊"忠烈"乃是出于宣传教化的考虑,希望将身为成德军节度使的王武俊为所有藩镇树立忠君爱国的典型,以期藩镇将领的归化,重建唐朝的统治秩序。另外,也反映出唐德宗对河朔藩镇政策的调整,唐朝西北形势趋于严峻,唐廷没有足够的力量再对河朔藩镇进行新一轮的讨伐,只能采取相对缓和的手段,由武力削藩转为招抚、怀柔,甚至是姑息,赐谥王武俊"忠烈"便是朝廷缓和与河朔藩镇关系、维持相对和平现状的措施之一。     

再论唐后期节度使存在的积极作用

唐代设节度使职,实乃军国要政之创举。节度使的设置及其权势的发展演变,与唐王朝的治乱兴衰有着重要关系,且以唐后期尤甚。唐后期中央制衡地方的主要特征是"以乱治乱",这决定了节度使职存在的必要性;而地方节度使自身对其藩镇政治、经济的治理和改良则昭示其存在的重要性。由此看来,唐后期节度使在削弱中央集权的同时,也在客观上维持着摇摇欲坠的王朝。     

旧题新解:唐代河朔藩镇研究——读张天虹《中晚唐五代的河朔藩镇与社会流动》

<正>唐代河朔藩镇问题是一个老问题。早在宋代,对唐代藩镇的研究就已开始,并提出了多种看法,有的认为黄巢起义之前的藩镇具有双重性,肯定藩镇的积极作用;有的则持批判和否定态度,认为藩镇是国家的大害。但是这些都还不是专门的研究。宋代以后,元人朱礼《汉唐事笺前集》,明人洪垣、张溥、李贽,清人赵青黎、沈炳震、赵翼等,都从不同的方面对唐代藩镇问题进行了较为集中的讨论。而明人张大龄的《唐藩镇指掌》、清人华湛恩的《唐藩镇表》、黄大华的《唐藩镇年表》、     

唐后期政治中枢的演变与唐王朝的灭亡

学术界不少专著或文章,在论述唐王朝灭亡的原因时,一般都归咎于藩镇割据、宦官专权和朋党之争,没有深刻揭示唐王朝灭亡的最根本原因。唐后期政治中枢的演变,引起唐王朝统治阶级内部长期的权力之争,导致国力的衰竭,丧失了抵御地方割据势力的能力,这是唐王朝衰亡的内在因素。而黄巢起义打破安史乱后一百多年来各类藩镇之间互相制约的格局,使地方割剧势力威胁中央政权,这是唐王朝灭亡的外在因素。当内外因素结合起来时,唐王朝也就灭亡了。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.