Flexibility: A Primer for Multicultural Counseling

The place of multicultural counseling in counselor education programs should be studied for the continuous growth of the profession. A flexible approach affirming both the similarity and differences of people is important.     

Multicultural Education for Counseling: A Reply to Lloyd

In this article the authors respond to three important issues raised by Arthur Lloyd in his lead article on multicultural counseling in the March 1987 issue of Counselor Education and Supervision. We examine these issues from various perspectives. Suggestions are offered for resolving these issues.     

Multicultural Personality and Multicultural Counseling Competency in Counselor Trainees

The authors hypothesized that multicultural personality and ethnic identity would significantly predict variance in multicultural counseling competencies in counselor trainees, beyond the variance predicted by demographics, multicultural training, openness, and cognitive racial attitudes. Results showed multicultural personality predicted multicultural counseling competency, but ethnic identity did not. Results and implications are discussed.     

The Role of Ethnic Identity,Gender Roles,and Multicultural Training in College Counselors' Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Mediation Model

Structural equation modeling with survey data from 313 college counselors revealed that multicultural training significantly mediated the impact of both ethnic identity and gender roles on multicultural counseling competence (MCC), explaining 24% of MCC variance. Results indicated that college counselors need to be aware of their own gender roles and ethnic identity to be culturally competent and highlighted the mediational role that training plays in achieving MCC.     

A Not So Provincial View of Multicultural Counseling

A narrow, focused, and thorough view of multicultural counseling that focuses on both individual characteristics and unique cultural group membership characteristics is advocated.     

Teaching Interpreted Counseling Practice: A Step Toward Multicultural Competence

We conducted an interpretative phenomenological analysis of five counseling students' experiences collaborating with American Sign Language–interpreting students during counseling practice sessions. Themes were identified in developmental domains of counselor self-awareness, counseling relationship, and advocacy interventions. Interdisciplinary collaboration led students to address cultural deficiency models and increase multicultural competency and efforts in social justice.     

Multicultural Career Counseling: Ten Essentials for Training

In the past 20 years, several changes have taken place within the field of counseling and psychology with regard to practice and research with individuals from racial/ethnic groups. At the same time, the United States population has experienced a dramatic shift in its composition. Both have contributed to transformations in graduate training. This article will highlight salient aspects from the multicultural literature regarding culturally competent practice and apply it to the training of vocational counselors.     

Transforming Counseling Courses: From Monocultural to Multicultural

This article discusses multicultural counselor training and outlines strategies for infusing counseling courses with multicultural content. It also describes how a counseling theories course was transformed to infuse multicultural perspectives.     

Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale: Re-Exploration and Refinement

This study refined the Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale (MCKAS; Ponterotto et al. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 30, 153–180, 2002) in response to concerns in the literature (e.g., Constantine et al. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8(4), 334–345, 2002) focusing on original sample representation, factor structure, and constructs of interest within this scale. For this refinement study, a total of 176 participants from various counseling fields in the United States completed an online survey. The results of an exploratory factor analysis presented a 28-item 2-factor refined version of the MCKAS (MCKAS-R). The preliminary MANOVA analysis indicated that this refined scale differentiated multicultural counseling competencies of participants who were counselors, counseling students, and counselor educators. Implications of this scale for counselor training, practice, and future research are provided.     

多元文化视域下的课程发展

社会现代化的发展大大加速了全球化进程，全球化进一步促进了化的多元性。多元化主义坚持化的多样性和差异性，强调建构多元化的教育环境，培养所有学生进入多元化世界的适应力与发展力，因而要求对一元化课程予以改造，发展新型的多元化课程，这种课程要求尊重和反映每个儿童的民族及性别化传统及其相伴而生的化体验，体现所有民族和性别群体的现实状况及其对社会发展的贡献。课程发展宜坚持多元视野、多样原则和个性指向，进行结构统整，将相互作用的各种化内容整合起来，以适应社会多元化发展的趋势。     

Racial Group Membership and Multicultural Training: Examining the Experiences of Counseling and Counseling Psychology Students

This study documents various process elements of multicultural training from the perspective of counseling and counseling psychology students within the United States (US). Using a mixed-methods approach, findings indicate that racial group membership is an important variable that differentially impacts White students and students of Color while undertaking a multicultural counseling course. Results of a principal components analysis revealed four components associated with racial group membership, including negative racial experiences and salience of racial diversity. Findings from a grounded theory analysis identified five overarching themes including intense emotional experiences, representing one’s racial group, and issues of safety impacting course experience. Implications for training and future research are offered.     

Mentoring Within the Field of Counseling: A Preliminary Study of Multicultural Perspectives

Although the concept of mentoring is receiving increasing attention in the counseling field, the intersection between multiculturalism and mentoring has not been formally addressed. This article explores mentoring relationships between faculty and students within counselor education from a multicultural perspective. Semi-structured interviews were used to explore African American, Asian American and Latina/o American counselor education graduate students’ perspectives on mentoring. Three similar themes (trust/comfort/honesty; respect; and teacher/student/guide) emerged for all three racial/ethnic groups as important key elements in the mentoring relationship, but with some distinctive culturally relevant variations in emphasis. Also, all three groups to some degree reported that having a mentor who was culturally competent and sensitive was helpful, adding further weight to the view that cultural issues play a role in mentoring relationships. Implications of the findings are discussed.     

Searching for Expertise in Counseling, Psychotherapy, and Professional Psychology

The expertise literature within cognitive science has provided a rich series of ideas which can be used to improve applied practice. The authors of the articles in this special issue have taken many of these ideas and made useful elaborations and extensions. In reaction to the articles, we suggest five blocks to a full utilization of the expertise literature and other constructs in practitioner development. These blocks are: (a) the need to go beyond the cognitive realm to the working alliance for the fundamental construct in the domain; (b) the need to realize that the novice-to-expert path takes a long time—perhaps 15 years—to travel; (c) the inappropriate use of a short experience differential in comparative studies of novices and experts; (d) the importance of reflection for development; and (e) the need for professors, in order to be experts, to also be practitioners in the domain.     

Infusion of Multicultural Issues in Curricula: A Student Perspective

To explore perceptions of the impact of a multicultural infusion project, current and former university students described classroom incidents that had strengthened their understanding of multiculturalism. They discussed why these incidents increased their multicultural awareness and how their interactions with others were changed. Participants described 155 incidents. These were sorted into 18 categories of pedagogical techniques and classroom composition or dynamics that promoted multicultural awareness. Former students reported that addressing multicultural issues in courses had a long-term impact on knowledge, attitudes, and professional skills. However, such benefits were not specific to classes that had been targeted for curriculum revision.     

心理咨询与治疗流派体系研究的基本理念

心理咨询与治疗流派体系的方法学研究有待加强。心理咨询与治疗流派体系研究应该注意从心理咨询与治疗理论的历史背景出发,疏通心理咨询与治疗理论的发展源流,探寻心理咨询与治疗方法的理论依据,扣住心理咨询与治疗方法的内在体系,做到心理咨询与治疗理论和方法之间的融会贯通,从而系统构建心理咨询与治疗理论的流派体系。     

Critical Incidents in Multicultural Counseling Supervision: A Phenomenological Approach to Supervision Research

This article focuses on the potential usefulness of eliciting “critical incidents” that occur in multicultural supervision. Survey results from a pilot study of visible ethnic minority psychology interns are discussed.