降低我国行政成本的对策研究

文章首先界定了行政成本的定义,阐述了我国行政成本居高不下的现状,并分析了导致行政成本居高不下的原因,最后提出了降低我国行政成本的相应对策和对良好行政管理体制的期望。     

Root causes of errant ordered radiology exams: Results of a needs assessment

A comprehensive needs assessment was conducted at ATA hospital to determine the root causes of a high number of errant radiology orders from requesting physicians. The Human Performance Technology Model, Gilbert's Behavior Engineering Model, and Rummler and Brache's Nine Performance Variables Model guided the needs assessment process. Three solutions were proposed. The development of the long‐term solution, a software utility, has been initiated. The Behavior Engineering Model was used to identify possible solutions to post‐training performance gaps identified during the evaluation.     

Process Mapping: Tools,Techniques, & Critical Success Factors

Process mapping is both an analytical tool and a process intervention that performance technologists can use to improve human performance by reducing error variance. In contrast to reengineering, process mapping is used for both incremental and radical change. The benefits of process mapping include simplified work flow, reduced cycle time, lowered costs, and improved job satisfaction. Process mapping involves constructing a macro‐map, identifying and prioritizing bottlenecks in the existing process, constructing a micro‐map to identify the root causes of the bottlenecks, and iterative redesign. Several critical success factors include organizational readiness, time commitment by participants, and the availability of a qualified facilitator. HPT practitioners add value to organizations by providing unique competence in task and needs analysis. To succeed in process mapping, however, the HPT professional must also possess sophisticated skills in facilitation as well as business knowledge, self‐confidence, and interpersonal skills for interacting with senior management.     

基于MATLAB的根轨迹仿真实验设计

在自动控制原理课程实验中,提出了以MATLAB作为工具的根轨迹仿真实验设计思路,从根轨迹的绘制、系统性能分析和系统校正三个方面入手,综合训练学生对根轨迹分析法的理解和应用.教学实践表明,该实验有利于学生全面掌握所学知识,提高分析、解决实际问题的能力.     

交易成本测量:现状、困境及其创新

交易成本是新制度经济学的核心概念和分析工具,目前对交易成本测量局限于宏观总量的大致估计和微观个案的比较分析,面临着许多困难和不足。本文对交易成本概念界定及其测量作了一番梳理和评价,研究发现,借助交易效率概念的提出,通过事先设计相应的统计指标,运用主成分分析和因子分析,计算出交易效率得分值,以此来推算交易成本大小。并就进一步准确测量交易成本作了补充说明。     

Three strands of explanations on root causes of civil war in low-income and weak states in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for education

This paper is a theoretical exploration of the relationship between schooling and the root causes of contemporary conflicts in low-income and weak states in sub-Saharan Africa. It does so by exploring three predominant theoretical strands on contemporary intrastate conflict and their implications to education: (1) the ‘grievance’ explanation; (2) an alternative economic explanation, focusing on the idea of the ‘opportunity cost of rebellion’; and (3) a political explanation that shows the role of the ruling elites and the state. The article suggests some theoretical and conceptual insights on examining the ways in which education fuels into the root causes of conflict in low-income and weak states.     

Developing causal understanding with causal maps: the impact of total links, temporal flow, and lateral position of outcome nodes

This study examined some of the methodological approaches used by students to construct causal maps in order to determine which approaches help students understand the underlying causes and causal mechanisms in a complex system. This study tested the relationship between causal understanding (ratio of root causes correctly/incorrectly identified, number of correctly identified root-cause links explaining how root causes directly/indirectly impact final outcomes) and three attributes observed in students’ causal maps (total links, temporal flow, lateral position of final outcome) that students produced before and after online discussions on noted similarities and differences between students’ causal maps. The findings suggest that: (a) causal understanding can be adversely affected if students are instructed before group discussion to temporally sequence nodes to flow from left to right and to position the outcome node farther away from the left edge of the map relative to other nodes in the map; (b) causal understanding following group discussion can be increased by instructing students to minimize the number of causal links and create a map with temporally flow; (c) promoting temporal flow following discussion may be the most effective means of helping students to identify root causes; and (d) instructing students to minimize the number of links following discussion may be the most effective means to helping students explain root causes directly/indirectly impact outcomes. These findings provide insights on what processes and constraints can be formalized and integrated into causal mapping software when used as an instructional and assessment tool.     

中小学“家校合作”低效的归探析——以布迪厄的理论视角为切入

家庭和学校的合作教育一直是教育改革的热点和难点问题。目前我国中小学的家校合作,无论是就其合作形式还是合作内容而言,都无法形成真正有效教育的合力,从而引发了一系列的教育问题。旨在以布迪厄的实践逻辑理论作为分析工具,通过其理论中的三个核心概念,即惯习、社会资本和场域来具体分析家校合作低效的根本原因。试图对相关问题给予适当的展望,以期引起教育学界的重视。     

数字图书版权问题初探

从当前数字图书版权的现状,分析了数字图书版权之争的原因,提出了解决数字图书版权问题的一系列措施。     

The cost analysis of distance teaching. Costa Rica's Universidad Estatal a Distancia

Any cost analysis begins by identifying the main cost-inducing variables in the system under consideration. Once these are identified and suitable measures of output derived, it is possible, although not always easy, to analyse expenditure against the level of activity associated with each variable, and thence derive unit costs per measure of output.These unit costs can then be used to assess the financial implications of alternative plans. Such financial information forms an important element in the assessment of any plan. Indeed, while not the only consideration, it is difficult to see how decision-making can be wholly effective in the absence of an analytical framework for the analysis of institutional costs.Such cost projections also enable average student costs to be determined and projected. The importance of these is that they give an indication of the relative overall efficiency of the institution, in comparison with other institutions operating at the same level.The article uses the Universidad Estatal a Distancia as an example to illustrate the methodology and utility of cost analysis in educational planning and decision-making.     

Directed acyclic graphs: An under-utilized tool for child maltreatment research

BackgroundChild maltreatment research involves modeling complex relationships between multiple interrelated variables. Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are one tool child maltreatment researchers can use to think through relationships among the variables operative in a causal research question and to make decisions about the optimal analytic strategy to minimize potential sources of bias.ObjectiveThe purpose of this paper is to highlight the utility of DAGs for child maltreatment research and to provide a practical resource to facilitate and support the use of DAGs in child maltreatment research.ResultsWe first provide an overview of DAG terminology and concepts relevant to child maltreatment research. We describe DAG construction and define specific types of variables within the context of DAGs including confounders, mediators, and colliders, detailing the manner in which each type of variable can be used to inform study design and analysis. We then describe four specific scenarios in which DAGs may yield valuable insights for child maltreatment research: (1) identifying covariates to include in multivariable models to adjust for confounding; (2) identifying unintended effects of adjusting for a mediator; (3) identifying unintended effects of adjusting for multiple types of maltreatment; and (4) identifying potential selection bias in data specific to children involved in the child welfare system.ConclusionsOverall, DAGs have the potential to help strengthen and advance the child maltreatment research and practice agenda by increasing transparency about assumptions, illuminating potential sources of bias, and enhancing the interpretability of results for translation to evidence-based practice.     

HNC-21T四方刀架电气故障排查与处置的探讨

对使用HNC-21T系统的数控车床而言,其四方刀架的故障是常见故障之一。在分析其自动换刀控制原理的基础上,对刀架常见故障现象进行以电气故障为主的排查,并提出了相应的处置建议,为同类故障的维修处理提供了可以借鉴的经验。     

Improving Writing of College-Bound Students with Rubrics: An English Department's Collaborative Journey through Teacher Leadership

A high school English department collaboratively addressed the issue of college-readiness in writing while utilizing a focused four-phase leadership model to guide their efforts. Although this discussion highlights the strategic use of writing rubrics, it is the intention to share the benefits of using the four phases of collaborative teacher leadership model with a clear path that strategically uncovers instructional problems, identifies solutions, and analyzes data within a sustainable process. This discussion illustrates how the leadership model guided the department in identifying core causes of students' struggles with academic writing and solutions of strategically using writing rubrics to guide students to higher levels of mastery.     

物质-场分析法在电火花加工工艺中的应用

提出了将物质-场分析法在电火花加工工艺优化中的应用,建立了物质-场分析法在电火花加工工艺优化中的应用流程,并对放电腐蚀系统中存在的问题进行了分析;结合76个标准解,得到解决方案,与现存方案进行对比,说明了物质-场分析法在电火花加工优化中的有效应用及其优势,为电火花加工工艺研究提供了一种新途径.     

以作业成本法为基础的高校教育成本核算研究

高等教育成本核算以作业成本法为基础,从确定资源项目、确认作业、确定作业动因、将资源分配至作业中心、将作业成本分配至不同的成本计算对象等五个步骤来进行设计,使高校教育成本趋于合理。     

北京市初中史、地、政、生“教非所学”教师产生的原因及解决对策

北京市新中考改革将史、地、政、生4个学科纳入中考范围,这对初中史、地、政、生"教非所学"教师的角色调整和适应提出了挑战。为了更好地迎接这一挑战,在劳动力市场供求理论的指导下分析了"教非所学"教师产生的原因并提出了应对之策。分析发现,"教非所学"教师产生的原因是史、地、政、生教师的刚性需求和有效供给不足,其中,刚性需求是根本原因。解决这一现象要根据各类原因,坚持标本兼治,增加有效供给,逐步消除史、地、政、生教师"教非所学"的现象。     

Improving Workplace Performance

Every day, managers and supervisors are greeted at work by the difference between the present and desired levels of performance. Unfortunately, they immediately jump to implementing solutions without identifying the underlying causes. This article brings together the ideas, models, and tools found in several of my previous articles so they can be shared with managers and supervisors. The next steps can be found in my book, A Manager's Guide to Improving Workplace Performance.     

Investigating the causes of reading comprehension failure: The comprehension-age match design

The reading-level (or reading-age) match design has become a widely-used tool for investigating the possible direction of the relation between particular skills and word reading ability: Cause or consequence. This paper outlines an analogous method for identifying candidate causes of reading comprehension failure, the `comprehension-age match design' and discusses the strengths and limitations of this design.     

Modeling Configural Patterns in Latent Variable Profiles: Association With an Endogenous Variable

A model is proposed for identifying latent predictor score patterns associated with a latent outcome variable. The model employs 2 new devices: (a) a path coefficient vector of contrast coefficients to describe a configural pattern in a structural model, and (b) a new type of latent variable with values that quantify the match of the person's latent predictor variable profile pattern to a theoretical pattern associated with the factor. The model is illustrated using data on perceptions and evaluations of political candidates during a debate. Findings suggest a pattern of scores on the perceptual variables associated with perceived debate success for female observers but not for male observers.     

基于网格分析的激光点单株果树识别

为快速识别果园环境中果树的分布情况,提高果园机械自动化果树定位精度,在控制成本与缺乏信息的前提下使用少线数激光雷达,提出一种基于地物点云侧投影网格分析方法实现果树识别。该方法通过线雷达获取果树信息点云,然后根据点云角度信息进行侧面二维投影、地物聚类划分网格、高程跨度计算、逐层分析、逐网判断等,完成果树识别。试验证明,该方法在地物信息缺乏的情况下可实现果树准确识别,低成本地快速判断果园中果树分布情况,是一种有效的果树识别方法。