北宋“以文为诗”观念及其对词与书画的影响

“以文为诗”的新变与北宋经学、词与书画等领域的新变异体同质,都是北宋思想文化革新的产物。北宋士人的新文化理念,施于经学则是独具特色的“元祐新经义”;施于文则接续中唐韩、柳的古文运动;施于诗则打破自《诗经》以来“以诗为诗”的诗歌传统,代之“以文为诗”;施于词则是打破词的乐体本质与“花间宗风”,“以诗为词”,成曲子中缚不住的士大夫之词;施于书画则是打破晋唐以来“尚法”的书画之风,成“士人书画”一体。     

Inequality and the school administrator

The vision of the public schools as the “great equalizers” of society is as yet unfulfilled. One of the reasons why the schools have not achieved this goal is attributable, in part, to the administration of the public school system. This article examines the nature of school bureaucracy in light of the power it grants to some and denies to others. Second, it is shown that the nature of administrative acts can work to displace the goals society has set for the schools. Third, the political nature of school administration is examined. The article concludes with reference to several significant changes occurring in educational administration: “marketplace politics”; the productivity movement; and collective choice policymaking.     

Community and the myth of the ideal school: Circulation and appropriation of the Hamburg Gemeinschaftsschulen in Spain (1922–1933)

The progressive education movement was known in Spain from its very inception, and in fact many of its pedagogical theories and practices reached Spain before reaching other European countries. Yet traditional historiography has always maintained that Spain was never integrated in the progressive education movement, a misconception that helps explain the lack of research in the field. Recent historiographical research, however, has shown that numerous Spanish schools served as laboratories for the implementation of progressive education methods in the 1920s and 1930s. The Spanish educational system proved itself to be especially open to international innovation in general and Spain actually enjoyed a privileged position for the study of how innovative pedagogical ideas could be incorporated and appropriated. Proof of this affirmation can be found in the introduction and dissemination throughout Spain of the experimental public school movement of Hamburg known as Gemeinschaftsschulen.

This article will focus on the way this movement was received in Spain. We will examine the phenomenon from a double perspective, corresponding to the different positions that scholars found themselves in within the educational panorama of the time. On the one hand we will examine the role of the “grass-roots” educators who wished to change schools “from below”, starting with classroom practices. On the other hand we will take a look at the representatives of “high pedagogy”, who were intent on formulating a pedagogical theory on which to base a political–ideological model that would serve to change the school “from above”. Tensions arising among the different pedagogical groups, along with the ambiguity of the translation into Spanish of the term Gemeinschaftsschulen, led to the different groups appropriating the concept in different ways. The evolution of the term Gemeinschaftsschulen, from its original identification with a localised school experiment in Hamburg to its becoming a symbol for virtually all European school vanguards, will be addressed at the conclusion of the article.     

Research in Religious Education: Content and Methods for the Postmodern and Global Era

This article presents an overview of how “Christian religious education” as a “polydoxical” discipline is being taught, based on a survey of 24 syllabi of graduate courses offered by scholars teaching in Mainline Protestant, Evangelical Protestant, and Catholic theological schools. The review offers an account of how the scholars frame the discipline in four dimensions: (1) how they define the nature and purpose of CRE; (2) how they describe and interpret the environment(s) for teaching and learning; (3) how they frame the “canon” of the discipline through texts and topics; and (4) the methods of teaching and learning employed.     

温故而知新:中国古典教育精神的奠基

孔子“温故而知新,可以为师矣”一语针对师者而言,孔子以此为师道立万世之法。自温故而言,“故”源自“六艺”为主的贵族教育,孔子将其开拓为以六经为核心的儒家教育体系,涵盖了古代经典、语文与历史的世界,形成了中国古典教育的基本内容;“温”体现出中国古典教育涵泳自得的方法与注重生命体验的情感特点。自知新而言,以孔子为代表的先秦儒家以“自礼归仁”的思想转型为核心,将周代贵族文化转化为面向普通大众的文教体系。他们通过经典新诠、语文新解、古史新义等方式,开启了中国古典教育的创造性路径。“温故而知新”是中国古典教育的奠基,塑造了古典教育凝聚传统、开启新知、深入生命的基本精神,具有重要的现代启示。     

深度教学视角下高校“中国文化”英语课程思政落实研究

以高校“中国文化”英语课程为例,从深度学习课堂进程维度入手,将思想政治教育深度融入教学,以期解决课程思政“怎样做”的问题。具体措施如下:第一,明确高校“中国文化”英语课程思政的目标;第二,梳理课程蕴含的思想政治元素和价值导向;第三,采用展示高挑战项目、深入讨论问题、关联知识体系等教学方式来“落小,落细,落实”课程思政。这既能提高学生英语综合能力和高阶思维能力,全面提升学生文化自信,也能将育人有机融入教学实践,连通课程思政“最后一公里”。     

“A Liberation of Powers”: Agency and Education for Democracy

In this essay Harry Boyte and Margaret Finders argue that addressing the “shrinkage” of education and democracy requires acting politically to reclaim and augment Deweyan agency‐focused concepts of democracy and education. Looking at agency from the vantage of civic studies, which advances a politics of agency — a citizen politics that is different from ideological politics — and citizens as cocreators of political communities, Boyte and Finders explore the technocratic trends that have eclipsed agency. These disempower educators, students, and communities. Using the case study of the youth empowerment initiative Public Achievement and its translation into the Special Education Program and partnerships of Augsburg College, the authors conclude with an examination of how agentic practices have survived in “shadow spaces” in schools, how such spaces might be turned into “free spaces” for democratic change, and how teacher education needs to prepare “citizen teachers” as well as promoting pedagogies of empowerment. These suggest grounds for a movement of hope and democratic change.     

Putting Sylvia in her place: history,geographical theory and the “New” Education

New Zealander Sylvia Ashton‐Warner, a teacher in remote rural Māori schools in the 1940s–1950s, became internationally renowned as a novelist and educational theorist. Earlier commentators portrayed her educational theory as in conflict with those of her time and place, but recent studies conceptualise them as enabled by it. While space/place has often been considered the preserve of the geographer and time that of the historian, Henri Lefebvre and others suggest that: “these issues need to be thought together rather than separately” and that macro‐, meso‐ and micro‐levels of analysis be engaged simultaneously. The author traces how conceptual, linguistic, sensory and intellectual resources of the global “New Education” movement extended into the tiny bush‐encircled Māori communities in which Sylvia taught and wrote in the 1940s–1950s and surfaced in her writing. The article zooms in and out between the “the immensity of the global” (the New Education, the Second World War) and “the intimately tiny” (her classroom and home). The “data” include Sylvia’s non‐fiction education texts and official documents of her time: school curricula, education policy documents, Ministerial and Inspectors’ reports. What Lefebvre terms a “Rhythm analysis” of Ashton‐Warner’s educational writing shows intermingled pulses of domestic life, routines of educational bureaucracy, cycles of nature, and cataclysms of world events. It is important for historians to study “the where rather than just the when with location and landscape central parts of the analysis”.     

Principal Professional Development in China: Challenges,Opportunities, and Strategies

This article examines the essential role of school principals in China's “Quality-Oriented Education” national reform movement. Keeping China's cultural and historical context in mind, and taking into consideration the impact of political and societal forces on the nation, we discuss the major challenges faced by Chinese schools, specifically the rising demand for a new generation of school leaders. To address this issue we conduct a critical review of the existing principal evaluation and training systems in China. From this data we then propose a framework of strategic directions for systemic professional development for school leaders.     

Science teacher identity and eco-transformation of science education: comparing Western modernism with Confucianism and reflexive <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bildung</Emphasis>

This forum article contributes to the understanding of how science teachers’ identity is related to their worldviews, cultural values and educational philosophies, and to eco-transformation of science education. Special focus is put on ‘reform-minded’ science teachers. The starting point is the paper Science education reform in Confucian learning cultures: teachers’ perspectives on policy and practice in Taiwan by Ying-Syuan Huang and Anila Asghar. It highlights several factors that can explain the difficulties of implementing “new pedagogy” in science education. One important factor is Confucian values and traditions, which seem to both hinder and support the science teachers’ implementation of inquiry-based and learner-centered approaches. In this article Confucianism is compared with other learning cultures and also discussed in relation to different worldviews and educational philosophies in science education. Just like for the central/north European educational tradition called Bildung, there are various interpretations of Confucianism. However, both have subcultures (e.g. reflexive Bildung and Neo-Confucianism) with similarities that are highlighted in this article. If an “old pedagogy” in science education is related to essentialism, rationalist-objectivist focus, and a hierarchical configuration, the so called “new pedagogy” is often related to progressivism, modernism, utilitarianism, and a professional configuration. Reflexive Bildung problematizes the values associated with such a “new pedagogy” and can be described with labels such as post-positivism, reconstructionism and problematizing/critical configurations. Different educational approaches in science education, and corresponding eco-identities, are commented on in relation to transformation of educational practice.     

论中国古典主义散文的强势传统

从唐宋古文运动到明代秦汉派、唐宋派,清代桐城派,中国古代散文的古典主义传统特别强大。究其原因,我认为是儒学独尊的结果,是孔子开创的“述而不作,信而好古”的古典主义文化大传统影响的结果。     

素质教育视野下的中学思想政治教育出路浅析

1999年6月,中共中央、国务院提出实施素质教育的工作方针,由此吹响了我国迈向新世纪教育改革的号角,为实现我国教育范式由"应试"向"素质"的转轨指明了方向。胡锦涛同志在党的十八大报告中重申要"全面实施素质教育,深化教育领域综合改革,着力提高教育质量,培养学生创新精神。"这为当下我国中学开展素质教育工作提出了更新更高的要求。基于此,通过结合具体教学实践,反思我国中学思想政治教育存在的问题与不足,力图从不同视角阐述如何将素质教育的理念渗透到中学思想政治教育实践进程之中,从而实现中学思想政治教育效果由"实然"向"应然"转变。     

From “Boy-Government” and “Student-Government” to “Learner-Government”: The Best of Both Worlds?

In the history of South African education there have been three contrasting attempts to incorporate learners into the authority structures of schools, namely: “boy-government” (prefect system), “student-government” (Student Representative Councils (SRCs)) and “learner-government” (Representative Councils of Learners (RCLs)). This article traces the historical development of these traditions in governance in South African schools. Against this background, it proffers a historical analysis of these traditions to show that the phrase “learner representative council” is at a crossroads, that is, it is being stretched and pulled in different directions in post-apartheid South Africa. It points out that “student-government” was born out of the rejection of the unpopular “boy-government”. It also provides a critical analysis of the attempt of the national Guides for Representative Councils of Learners (Guides for RCLs) (DoE 1999) to blend the “prefect” and “SRC” traditions in order to strengthen democracy at school level. In doing so, it argues that the Guides for RCLs undermine democratic SRCs developed in the anti-apartheid education struggle. In the end, the article defends the “student-government” tradition because of its potential to educate for democratic citizenship in post-apartheid South African schools.     

L’ÉCOLE PUBLIQUE AU SÉNÉGAL : APPROCHE PSYCHOSOCIALE DES PRATIQUES PARENTALES DE (NON) SCOLARISATION ET DES EXPÉRIENCES ÉDUCATIVES DES ENFANTS

PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN SENEGAL: ANALYSING THE REASONS FOR (NON) ENROLMENT – This study focuses on Senegal, where the education system is split between traditional Koranic schools and purportedly “modern” public schools, which have been compulsory since 1990 but which are currently attended by only two-thirds of children eligible to enrol. The article argues that a number of psychosocial factors need to be studied in order to understand this issue fully. By analysing responses gathered from 20 parent-child units, the authors reveal: (a) how parental identity strategies affect how they choose to school their children, and (b) how children’s attitudes are shaped in different ways depending on whether they attend “traditional” or “modern” schools.     

从精准到智慧:中国现代文学课程思政教学的有效实现

中国现代文学是高校开设覆盖面很广的一门课程,并以其基础性、现代性和中国化的课程特色在汉语言文学专业思政教学中显示出独特性。为实现思政教育与中国现代文学专业学习协同发展,提高中国现代文学课程思政教学的有效性,要做到精准思政与智慧思政相结合。首先,对思政目标与中国现代文学教学目标进行契合度分析,实现精准思政;其次,运用智慧教育助力建构中国现代文学课程思政话语体系,实现智慧思政;最后,从政治文化自觉与道德话语层面对中国现代文学课程教学话语表达范式进行调适。     

董仲舒“三维一体”的政治哲学理念及其现代意义

董仲舒的政治哲学有一个核心理念,即“三维一体”。其中,“三维”是指“奉天”“法古”和“爱民”,“一体”是指“大一统”。“三维”是“一体”的基础与手段,而“一体”则是“三维”的目的与结果。董仲舒的“三维一体”既有悠久的思想渊源,又有深刻的现代意义。立足于今天这个时代,我们赋予“三维一体”以新的内涵：天道合法性、传统合法性与民意合法性组成了新的“三维”,而由56个民族所组成的中华民族统一体则是新的“一体”。这种新的“三维一体”观有利于促进当代中国的政治文明建设,也有利于促进中华民族的团结统一与伟大复兴。     

普通高中思想政治教科书的活动设计及其教学实施

“活动型学科课程”作为普通高中思想政治课程新的课程理念与学科定位,其实现需要通过教科书中的活动设计作为学科内容的载体和实践来支撑。普通高中思想政治教科书的活动设计可以从“有什么用”“怎么使用”“谁来使用”三个角度进行设计和理解,以此构成了“活动—内容—学科核心素养”(功能维度)、“活动—情境—议题”(实践维度)、“活动—学生—教师”(主体维度)三个层面的活动设计思路。以活动设计的这三个维度为指引,推进高中思想政治课教学形态的转变,从而在“活动型学科课程”理念的教科书呈现与教学落实上确立起行动共识。     

论《孝经》中的“天人合一”

儒家所积极倡导的“孝文化”确立了中华民族的道德规范,对中国人的伦理生活具有重要意义。从哲学视角重新审视《孝经》,可以帮助我们进一步理解古代中国人的社会生活。分析《孝经》中“天”与孝道相联系的观点,厘清“天人合一”思想在先秦儒家天道观基础上的发展轨迹,理顺“天”与“人”相交的思想脉络,具有一定的理论价值。     

“数字信号处理”课程思政教学的融入点探索

“数字信号处理”是国内外信息类专业的基础课,理论性和技术性都比较强,授课教师大多数都以讲授专业知识为主,少有人文关怀的内容。因此,需要将与课程有关的思政元素融入课堂教学中去,潜移默化地对学生进行思想政治教育,完成“立德树人”的根本任务。通过对课程思政在教学中的必要性、如何根据“数字信号处理”的课程性质实施课程思政、思政教育在“数字信号处理”教学中的融入点三个方面的探讨,真正达到“润物细无声”的教学效果。     

教育何以建构一种新的社会契约?——联合国教科文组织《一起重新构想我们的未来》报告述评

联合国教科文组织2021年11月面向全球发布了《一起重新构想我们的未来:为教育打造新的社会契约》报告。本研究以报告英文版为主要分析文本,结合霍布斯、洛克、卢梭、马克思和恩格斯等人关于社会契约的经典理论,解读其副标题“为教育打造新的社会契约”之意蕴,聚焦“教育需要何种新的社会契约”“新教育社会契约如何实现”以及“我国新教育社会契约的本土话语与实践”三个核心议题。本研究通过厘清社会契约的“旧传统”和“新注解”,发现该报告提出了一种不同于法学、经济学、政治学领域的社会契约概念,而是从教育学领域切入,探讨教育如何成为、如何建构、如何引领一种新的社会契约;强调从人类视角、生态视角和技术视角解读新教育社会契约的内涵及实现路径;择要分析教育学、课程、教学、教师、学校、学术科研机构、其他社会组织以及国家与非国家机构等教育要素与主体的变革方向;思考新教育社会契约对我国教育改革的启示。