National and European identities: notions of reconcilability and inclusiveness in a case study of German trainee teachers

The link between formal education and national identities is widely acknowledged. Empirical research on national and supranational identities of teachers, however, is still relatively rare. Whilst a number of studies consider the special population of teachers, these contributions do not consistently focus on national and supranational identities. Based on a case study of 72 trainee teachers from Baden‐Württemberg (Germany), the present paper looks at the reconcilability of national and European identities and explores notions of the European Union in terms of cultural and geographical inclusiveness. Findings on the case study level are considered in their own right, but also compared to findings on the regional, national and European level, using relevant Eurobarometer survey data. The article shows that high levels of attachment to nation and high levels of attachment to Europe do not have to be mutually exclusive. It also demonstrates that, for most trainee teachers, the European Union constitutes a culturally and geographically inclusive institution that is supposed to stand for cultural diversity, peace, freedom and respect of human rights. Through comparisons that go beyond the case study level, the paper recognises the importance of regional and national contexts. Nonetheless, it argues that some of its findings are likely to be relevant for studies of national and European identities across different European societies.     

School attachment and relatedness with parents,friends and teachers as predictors of students’ intrinsic and identified regulation

This longitudinal study examined the role of school attachment and three sources of relatedness (friends, parents, teachers) in predicting students’ intrinsic and identified regulation. A total of 946 high school students from disadvantaged neighborhoods completed self-report measures. Results of a CFA provided support for the distinctiveness of the sources of relatedness and school attachment. Results of SEM revealed that school attachment predicted intrinsic regulation, whereas relatedness to teachers predicted identified regulation. Relatedness to parents and friends did not explain a significant percentage of the variance in outcomes. All results were obtained while controlling for initial levels of the outcomes. In sum, students with low levels of intrinsic and identified regulation for learning activities may benefit from practices designed to increase school attachment and relatedness with their teachers.     

Educating students with insecure attachment histories: toward an interdisciplinary theoretical framework

Middle school students with insecure attachment histories present a particular challenge for school personnel. These students frequently cause behavioural disruptions and fail to academically engage in course content. This paper draws from attachment theory, as well as literature in the fields of education, neurobiology and psychology, to establish a theoretical framework for future research on teachers and attachment. The framework illustrates conceptual linkages between research from these academic disciplines to show that teachers can play a role in the rehabilitation of students' internal working models and attachment strategies, especially during this key developmental period.     

‘Am I safe here and do you like me?’ Understanding complex trauma and attachment disruption in the classroom

Elementary and special education teachers and school counsellors currently provide support to children presenting learning disabilities and behavioural problems symptomatic of the more hidden diagnosis of complex trauma resulting from abuse or severe attachment disruption. Specific disorders such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) may be diagnosed in such children, but not the aetiology of complex trauma, resulting in missing information in the development of remedial and behavioural interventions. The evolving field of trauma counselling provides important information to special education teachers and school counsellors who work with children who have experienced trauma. In this review article authors Linda O'Neill of the University of Northern British Columbia (UNBC), Francis Guenette who is a doctoral student at the University of Victoria and Andrew Kitchenham of the University of Northern British Columbia summarise attachment, neurobiological, and complex trauma research that can be used in school settings to understand better the needs of these children. They conclude by suggesting that teachers and school counsellors would benefit from training on the consequences of childhood trauma and attachment disruption to develop interventions that will be effective and to identify what types of behaviours children can control and those they cannot.     

Learning to teach in the national curriculum context

Learning to teach is a difficult and challenging process for beginning teachers in the national curriculum contexts due to several pressures that the centralised system presents for school and classroom contexts. This study investigated the difficulties beginning middle school mathematics teachers faced in the Turkish national curriculum context without any structured beginning teacher support through the experiences of six beginning teachers. They were interviewed after their first year teaching and after the fourth year or during the fifth year about factors in the national curriculum, school, and classroom contexts that affected their learning to teach. Findings revealed that the national curriculum context interfered with the school and classroom contexts, often by presenting many additional difficulties. The teacher education period seemed to be ineffective in preparing beginning teachers for the difficulties arising from the national curriculum context. Teacher education programmes in centralised systems should provide pre‐service teachers with knowledge of possible difficulties specific to these contexts that they might face in their first years.     

大学生同一性发展及其与亲子依恋的关系研究

本文采用问卷法对866名大学生的同一性及其与亲子依恋之间的关系进行了研究.研究结果表明:大学生同一性地位类型在各年级的分布中,混乱型和延缓型所占的比例最多,而排他型和成就型所占的比例较少;大学生同一性发展存在一定的性别差异;在父子依恋的交流和疏离维度上以及母子依恋的所有维度上,不同同一性地位类型的差异非常显著,混乱型个体的依恋状况最差;父子依恋和母子依恋,对不同性别大学生的同一性发展有不同的预测作用.这一研究对于深化对依恋理论与同一性理论之间关系的理解,促进这两个理论的融合与发展具有一定的理论意义,对青少年的成长也有一定的现实指导作用.     

从"莫内的欧洲"到"祖国的欧洲"--法国与欧洲一体化中的国家主权问题

第二次世界大战后的一个时期,欧洲联邦主义在法国有较大的影响,他们主张超国家一体化,最后实现“欧洲联邦”。让.莫内设计了具有超国家性质的欧洲煤钢共同体,得到实施。但他设计的欧洲防务共同体,却遭到否决。戴高乐重新上台后,强烈坚持国家主权,主张“祖国的欧洲”和“国家间有组织的合作”,力图在欧洲共同体建设问题上贯彻其主张,并与其他国家发生争论。这种争论阻滞了欧洲联合向超国家方向进一步发展,并表明在欧洲一体化中,国家主权问题的复杂性。     

Three educational values for a multicultural society: Difference recognition,national cohesion and equality

Educational aims for societies comprising multiple ethnic, cultural and racial groups should involve three different values—recognizing difference, national cohesion and equality. Recognition of difference acknowledges and respects ethnocultural identities and in educational contexts also encourages mutual engagement across difference. National cohesion involves teaching a sense of civic attachment to a nation and to one’s fellow citizens of different groups and identities. ‘Multiculturalism’ has traditionally been understood to support the first value but not as much the second, a charge made by ‘interculturalism,’ a newer idea in Europe and francophone Canada. But Tariq Modood, this year’s Kohlberg Memorial Lecturer, has argued that national integration has always been a goal of multiculturalism. However, neither multiculturalism nor interculturalism has placed sufficient emphasis on equality as a social and educational ideal. Equality is a complex idea that involves both equal treatment by teachers of students from different groups, and also relative equal student outcomes among different groups.     

论民族声乐教师的专业素质

教学是民族声乐专业中至关重要的环节,是主导专业知识结构以及文化综合素养的主要调控。本文立足于当前高等教育人才培养目标和全面推行专业素质教育战略,结合民族声乐教学自身的现状,对民族声乐教师自身专业素质和能力进行初步探讨,以及结合声乐教育的具体特点对民族声乐教师队伍的未来构建提出一些建设性意见。     

Preschool teacher attachment,school readiness and risk of learning difficulties

Attachment is the emotional bond between children and their caregivers (parents or otherwise). Infants and young children usually have more than one selective attachment, and all of these attachment relationships, including those between children and teachers, have important effects on cognitive and social development. Secure attachment to a preschool teacher may help children to improve their preschool experience. Recent studies suggest that the adverse effect of inadequate preschool experiences can lead to skill deficiencies that mimic the effects of basic cognitive deficits. This study evaluates the relationships among attachment to preschool teachers, school readiness, and the risk for developing learning difficulties in preschoolers using three measures: the School Readiness 4-5 battery, the Precocious Identification of Learning Difficulties, and the Attachment Q Set. This study examined 152 preschoolers. The results showed that attachment to preschool teachers is related to linguistic development level, the psychomotor skills involved in school readiness, and learning difficulty risk.     

The influence of parental and peer attachment on college students' academic achievement

This study examined relations among attachment to parents and peers, cognitive ability, psychosocial functioning variables, and academic achievement in a multiethnic sample of college students (n = 357). A small subgroup (14.8%) of students reported low levels of attachment to both parents and peers. Significant positive correlations were documented between parent and peer attachment and several indices of psychosocial competence. Results from hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that indices of cognitive ability were significant predictors of college students' grade point averages, while broader measures of functioning in early adulthood (attachment, intellectual ability, self‐esteem) were significant predictors of scholastic competence. Results suggest that perceived attachment to both parents and peers is a component of wider patterns of social competence and adjustment that may function as protective or compensatory factors during key transitions in young adulthood, such as participation in college, and with its attendant demands for academic achievement. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A correlational study on attachment dimensions,academic performance and self-regulated learning of university students in South Africa

ABSTRACT

An association between attachment and academic performance appears to be consistently found in children; however, reports on such an association in adolescents are contradictory. This study aimed to determine whether the attachment dimensions of anxiety or avoidance significantly correlate with a student’s academic performance at university. Moreover, since individual differences in attachment index distinct self-regulatory capacities, this study aimed to determine whether any correlation exists between a student’s attachment dimensions and measures of self-regulated learning. Attachment dimensions were determined by the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised questionnaire, while self-regulated learning was determined by the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory, in a sample of university students (n = 185). Neither attachment dimensions correlated significantly with measures of academic performance. However, attachment dimensions did significantly correlate with measures of self-regulated learning in this study.     

论超国家干预经济与国家主权

超国家干预经济,是在经济全球化日益发展的背景下国家干预经济的自然延伸,是历史发展的必然.超国家干预经济对于维护国家经济主权、稳定国际经济秩序、促进世界经济发展具有积极作用;超国家干预经济也客观上造成了对国家经济主权的侵蚀和弱化,并在实际运作中出现了权力异化.面对超国家干预经济的时代背景,我们应更新和发展主权观念,处理好主权的维护和让渡关系,以国家主权的适应性选择实现国家主权的回归.     

少数民族双语教师职后培训面临的困境及对策研究

为了更好地完成双语教学任务,提高少数民族地区教育质量,必须加强少数民族双语教师职后培训,努力提高双语教师的专业文化知识和教学技巧,同时灌输科学的教育观念。然而,在调查中发现,少数民族双语教师职后培训工作面临诸多问题,文章就此类问题进行了分析研究,并提出了解决对策,希望能对少数民族地区的双语师资力量建设提供帮助。     

Retrospective analysis of previous relationship disengagement and current and current attachment style

This study examined attachment styles and disengagement strategies used to end romantic relationships for 213 college students. The research predicted differences between attributions about the cause of the breakup and who initiated the breakup. The study also predicted differences in reports about the use of disengagement strategies, depending upon a person's attachment style and whom they attributed as the initiator of the breakup. People more frequently attributed the cause of breakups to situational factors than to the other person; and least frequently, to self. Persons who perceived they caused the breakup more frequently perceived they also initiated the breakup. Some of the hypothesized differences in reports about the use of disengagement strategies for persons with different attachment styles and different attributions of who initiated the breakup were observed for positive‐tone, behavioral de‐escalation, and negative identity management strategies. Leniency in self‐attributions was detected in higher reports of self‐use of justification strategies and lower reports of self‐use of behavioral de‐escalation.     

略论近代国立大学校长之任职资格与教师聘任

近代国立大学校长之任命,其路径取向基本上是沿着行政干预减少、教育渐趋独立的方向发展,而校长的任职资格,虽然没有明文专门规定,但于近代中国高等教育法律法令体系中亦可略见其概。析其源流,近代中国国立大学校长的任命与任职资格乃深受德美法大学之综合影响。在校长与教师聘任之关系上,历经了校长独具权责至与其它机构共享聘任权力的过程。     

教育教学视角下重点综合性大学“和谐学院”的构建

重点综合性大学在我国高等教育体系中具有特殊的地位和作用,其“和谐学院”的构建应该以社会主义核心价值观为指导,处理和协调好学院发展与学校发展、通识教育与专业教育、专业建设与学科建设、师生角色、教学与科研、兄弟学院之间等各种关系,充分利用重点综合性大学的优势,凸显办学特色,谋求学院实现又好又快的持续发展目标。     

民族器乐曲欣赏教学五步曲探究

在音乐欣赏教学中培养学生民族音乐欣赏能力、审美能力具有重要意义,能增强学生民族自豪感,有利于促进学生身心健康。在民族器乐曲欣赏教学中,教师可采取五部曲:多“听”——知音乐内涵;多“想”——展音乐翅膀;多“说”——抒音乐真谛;多“唱”——悟音乐情感;多“动”——仿乐器奏法。     

Teaching national and regional cultures: the role of teacher identities in Martinique

Schooling is widely considered to be vital to the development of modern nation-states, yet little is known about how teachers might go about transmitting national culture within schools. Using the case of history–geography lycée teachers in the French overseas department of Martinique, this article makes the argument that teachers’ professional identities must be taken into account when considering the ways in which teachers implement curricula and understand their role in passing on national and other collective identities to students. Through local-level research in schools – comprised of interviews with teachers, school administrators, local officials and others, classroom observations and archival research – it becomes evident that teachers on the island, as elsewhere in France, enjoy considerable autonomy in implementing curricula. By training students to think critically, teachers encourage students to consider new meanings of ‘French’ and ‘Martinican’ identities on an everyday basis.     

Conflict frequency within mother-child dyads across contexts: Links with attachment security and gender

The current study examined context, attachment, temperament, and gender as predictors of conflict frequency between mothers and their young children. Conflict between 40 mothers and their 36-month-old children was observed during multiple laboratory tasks with varying levels of structure, and the number of dyadic conflict episodes was totaled for each context. Mothers also completed measures of attachment and temperament. Results indicated that relative to free play and clean-up contexts, dyads displayed the highest amounts of conflict during the teaching context, which was driven by mother-initiated conflict. Attachment, but not temperament, was predictive of dyadic conflict frequency and child-initiated conflicts for mother-daughter dyads, but not for mother-son dyads, during the teaching context. Specifically, as attachment security increased, conflict decreased between mothers and their daughters. The findings of the study emphasize the importance of examining the context and child's gender in accordance with attachment in order to fully understand the relationship between attachment and conflict frequency.