语言逻辑视域中话语规则的句法意义及展开与深化

句法是制约着句子组合合法性的规则,即组词成句的规则。话语句法规则的意义既是语义学关注的内容,也是语用学的考察对象。在言语交际过程中,人们把握话语规则:一方面能够帮助人们认知句子在生成过程中的规律、规则;另一方面也能够帮助人们掌握话语的基本表达式在不同语境中的动态变化。所以,在语言逻辑视域中,话语规则的句法意义及其展开与深化,更能够帮助人们加深对语言与认识密切关系的研究。文章在分析言语交际与话语规则的基础上,论述了语言逻辑视域中话语规则的句法意义,以及这种句法意义的展开与深化在语言认知中的重要作用。     

The game within the game: girls' underperforming position in Physical Education

Since 1980 the Swedish compulsory school curriculum has stipulated that Physical Education (PE) should be taught co-ed and schools are legally required to promote gender equality. The latest evaluation of PE in Sweden shows that more boys than girls ranked the subject highly and that they had a higher level of activity during the PE lessons. Drawing on a case study, the aim of this article is to illuminate how games placed girls and boys in different subject positions. The logic governing the observed lessons was ‘proper game’, i.e. playing according to the official rules. Combined with hegemonic masculinity and the passivity of the teacher, this kind of logic resulted in the game being dominated by several dominant boys and by the ball-playing girls either being positioned or allowing themselves to be placed in situations in which they consistently underperformed. A gender category in late modernity, resting on hegemonic masculinity, can be seen as a cultural flashpoint that reflects problems in society rather than problems in the gym.     

教学制度的结构考察

教学制度是对教学生活的制度安排,主要由不同层次的教学规则构成。教学规则有正式的,也有非正式的。学校教学常规和课堂纪律体现了核心的教学价值观念,反映了学校教学活动的基本准则、规范和要求,它们是正式的教学规则。非正式教学规则主要体现为教师的教学习惯和课堂仪式。教师的教学习惯往往隐藏在教师的观念背后,是无意识的、"没过脑子"的,但却深深地影响甚至决定着教师的教学行为。课堂仪式也是一种课堂"潜规则",它对教学活动和师生的课堂行为也具有同样的约束力。     

中小学班规研究综述

中小学班规是班极规范,在班级建设和管理中发挥着重要作用。通过在中国知网对中小学班规的相关文献的搜索和阅读班级管理相关的专著,我们对中小学班规的性质、作用、内容,制定与实施方面进行了综述。我们发现,虽然有一些新的理念融入,但总体上中小学班规还是停留在利用条款来约束学生行为的层次上。在对中小学班规的研究现状的总结和对当前班级管理实践的需要分析的基础上,我们对班规研究前景进行了展望。     

本体集成中上下文驱动协调

为了解决本体集成中因上下文的不同所引起的语义不协调的问题,提出了一个上下文驱动的协调机制.该机制基于先前的工作,即一种基于上下文的形式化Context-SHOIQ (D ) DL,采用描述逻辑和范畴论显示表示本体的上下文信息.为了扩展这个形式化,添加了4个迁移规则(包含、选择、优先和映射规则),用来规定输入到集成上下文中的内容;还添加了3个互操作能力依次递增的上下文集成操作(输入、部分协调和完全协调).该机制不是完备的,但足以解决提出的5种语义不协调的问题,有助于本体从一个上下文集成到另一个上下文.     

对教师教育专业开设《教育逻辑》的思考

逻辑学知识是教师开展教育教学的重要工具．对培养学生理性思维发挥着重要作用。逻辑修养是教师必备的素质之一。逻辑素养的形成主要依赖专业教育,而目前作为培养中小学教师的教师教育专业并没有普遍开设逻辑课程,直接影响着广大中小学教师的逻辑素养的养成。因此,应该逐步在教师教育专业开设教育逻辑,以适应学生将来从事中小学教育教学的需要。在教师教育专业开设教育逻辑过程中,必须通过采用灵活多样的课程设置和授课形式、构建“教育逻辑学”理论体系、应用中小学课程内容丰富课堂教学、构建突现个性的教材体系等措施。以提高教学水平和质量。     

关联规则在学生成绩中的数据挖掘

数据挖掘中的关联规则挖掘能够发现大量数据中项集之间有趣的关联或相关联系。采用关联规则的Apriori算法和改进后的Apriori算法对三门峡职业技术学院学生各门课程成绩进行分析,从而发现课程之间的联系和基础课程对专业课程的影响,为教务管理部门安排课程提供参考。     

高校处分学生的正当性及合法性思考

高校学生处罚制度涉及高校的性质、法律地位,学校与学生的关系等一系列法律问题,对这些法律问题的明确认识对高校学生处罚制度的研究有着重要意义。本文结合现行法律规定和最新理论研究,界定高校的性质及法律地位,梳理学校与学生的关系问题,认识高校处罚学生的正当性和合法性的概念及意义,为分析高校学生处罚制度中存在的问题提供理论根据。     

数学定义的基本要求

对数学概念下定义的基本要求、定义的实质和思想方法进行探讨。把形式逻辑关于真实定义的四条规则用来作为数学定义的基本要求是不恰当的，可以针对数学的三类基本概念中的不变个体制定具体的定义规则。可消去性准则和非创新性准则的思想应当在中学数学教材教法的逻辑内容中得到反映。     

Organisational rules in schools: teachers’ opinions about functions of rules,rule-following and breaking behaviours in relation to their locus of control

The main aim of this research is to examine teachers’ opinions about functions of school rules, reasons for rule-breaking and results of rule-breaking in relation to their locus of control, gender, age, seniority and branch. 350 public elementary school teachers in Ankara are included in the correlational survey model study. According to the teachers, the main function of school rules is to “provide regularity”. Classroom teachers find school rules more functional than branch teachers. Teachers with internal locus of control find school rules more functional than externals and junior teachers find school rules more functional than senior teachers. The main reason for teachers’ rule-breaking is “being uninvolved in rulemaking process”. When teachers do not follow school rules, they come across with cold behaviours of the school administrators.     

从经验、知识与学科的关系谈"学科教育学"研究对象

“学科教育学”是一个正在兴起的教育学领域,它的研究对象是学科教育。从经验、知识与学科的关系上分析,“学科教育学”研究的学科应该既不是纯知识体系的学术学科,也不是研究学校中的所有教学科目,而是对学校中知识取向的、有较为明确逻辑体系的教学科目。因为这些“学科”的教育中才有共同的规律,在逻辑上才有可能建立独立的”学科教育学”。     

依法治校中的法制瑕疵

依法治校是学校管理现代化的客观趋势，但是在学校规章、制度的制定、执行与监督环节上，都存在着一定程度的与法律规定或法制理念的悖离。解决的方法只能是在法制的视野中重视审视学校的各项规章、制度及其运作的全部环节，并且进行相关的管理体制和用人制度的改革。     

论课程运作系统中的评价机制

完善课程运作机制是我们当前课程改革必须面对的一个问题,课程评价机制作为其中重要的一环,只有进一步理清其价值定位、主体、范畴与准则等问题,才能使其发挥应有的效能。     

基于S-function的模糊逻辑系统控制器Simulink仿真

提出将模糊逻辑系统表达式与模糊控制规则表相结合，并用S-function将其形成模块，再用Simulink对所设计的模糊控制系统仿真，编程快捷、调试方便。     

学校教育潜规则探源及其管理

在进行学校教育的过程中,潜规则的客观存在一直是影响学校教育效果和教育管理工作顺利开展的重要因素之一。什么是教育潜规则,如何正确看待潜规则的存在,它们产生的根源是什么,在学校教育过程中如何合理限制与利用教育潜规则等等,这一系列问题一直是人们极为关注的,也正是本文论述的重点所在。     

A study of children’s conceptions of school rules by investigating their judgements of transgressions in the absence of rules

This study investigated 202 elementary school children’s judgements and reasoning about transgressions when school rules regulating these transgressions have been removed in hypothetical school situations. As expected, moral transgressions were judged as more wrong and less accepted than structuring, protecting and etiquette transgressions. In turn, etiquette transgressions were judged as less wrong and more accepted than moral, structuring and protecting transgressions. Structuring transgressions were judged beyond expectations as more wrong and less accepted than protecting transgressions. Judgements and justifications made by the children showed that they discriminated between transgressions as a function of school‐rule category (relational/moral rules, structuring rules, protecting rules and etiquette rules). The findings confirm as well as extend previous social‐cognitive domain theory research on children’s socio‐moral reasoning.     

高职院校课堂管理方法探讨

针对高职院校生源质量下降,生源类型多样化,总结出有效的课堂管理方法,以提高高职院校课堂教学质量,提升办学水平。     

论高等函授教育的规律

高等函授教育是成人高等教育体系中的一种重要教育形式,它有自己的发展规律。反映时代的要求、有正确的办学思想、依托高校的教育资源、建立相应的管理体制和教学系统以及适应教育对象的特点是发展高等函授教育应遵循的基本规律。     

TRIZ进入课堂教学的策略选择

TRIZ是关于技术发明创造的理论,其关于技术创新和发明的思维方法及内容可以运用到课堂教学中去。世界上许多国家已将TRIZ列入课堂教学活动中,我国由于应试教育体制的限制,还难以大规模地在各级学校课堂教学中引入TRIZ。为了开启学生发明创造的意识并掌握TRIZ,需要在不同层次的学校课堂教学中采取适当的策略。     

Being a Learner Using Social Media in School: The Case of Space2cre8

The aim of this article is to gain knowledge about what it means to be a learner using social media in an educational setting. The article presents an ethnographic study of students in a multiethnic community in Oslo who participate in a social networking site called Space2cre8 (S28). In this article, we set out to explore the kind of space for learning that can be created in a lower secondary classroom by a social networking site. The article provides a detailed study of how two students made use of this social networking site as part of school activities, and it outlines two specific ways in which to be a learner using social media in school. The findings suggest that a social networking site such as S28 can provide different resources for different students with different learner identities, and might represent a space in which everyday knowledge and school knowledge merge to offer a hybrid space for learning.