IAU ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD DISCUSS THE PROBLEM OF ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION

During the 33rd meeting of the International Association of Universities (IAU) which was held from 4 to 6 April 1977 in Kyoto, Japan, the Administrative Board discussed many problems including that of access to higher education in the context of the preparation to the 5th IAU Seminar to be held in Halle (GDR) from 29 May to 2 June 1978

Below are summarised some of the view‐points presented in the meeting.     

学费上涨与高等教育机会公平问题分析-基于结构性和转型性的视角

1997年,中国普通高校在收费制度上进行“并轨”,开始实行全面收费制度。此后,普通高等教育的学费水平迅速上涨,学费占居民家庭收入的比例大幅度提高。学费的快速上涨有可能对高等教育机会公平性产生负面影响。在考虑收入水平、学费水平、高等教育机会公平之间的关系时,现有的研究较多地侧重于微观层面的分析,而对宏观层面的结构性因素和转型性因素的影响探讨不多。本文试图根据有关中国收入分配以及高等教育制度改革的研究,就结构性和转型性因素与高等教育机会公平性之间的关联进行初步的探索。     

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES ON HIGHER EDUCATION AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION

Quite a large number of international meetings devoted to issues concerning higher education are organized each year. The problems of their contribution to the further development of higher education and research in this field are raised in a thought‐provoking article written for “Higher Education in Europe” by Professor E.A. van Trotsenburg, President of the European Association for Research and Development in Higher Education (EARDHE) and Director of the Institute of International Science and University Didactics, University of Klagenfurt.     

从大众高等教育到普及高等教育

新信息技术的发展要求对普及高等教育的本质进行反思 ,并对其所需条件的认识进行更新 ,这涉及到高等教育制度结构和对待高等教育态度的深刻变革。精英形式的高等教育需进行重新定位。本文在比较的背景下主要分析了美国及欧洲社会的高等教育在走向普及形式的过程中面临危机的原因 ,认为美国特有的结构特征和文化特征赋予了其独特优势。而技术发展的不确定性及各国经济、社会结构的差异性决定了通过新技术扩大入学机会将采取不断实验的方式进行     

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN FRENCH HIGHER EDUCATION REGARDING ACCESS TO LIFELONG EDUCATION

The following article, dealing with the problem in France of the demand for the type of higher education which would adhere to the principle of lifelong education, is based on a paper written by Violette Rey from the “Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique” in collaboration with Madeleine Brocard from the University of Rouen. The paper was presented during the CEPES Symposium on Relations between Education, Research and Production in Higher Education in Europe. (Editor's Note: The main findings and some papers prepared for this meeting were presented in the July‐September 1979, Vol. IV, No. 3 issue of “Higher Education in Europe”, pp.7‐23, and pp.33‐35.)     

PROBLEMS OF ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ACADEMIC STRUCTURES

Problems of access to higher education are currently receiving considerable attention. One of the factors governing access to higher education systems and institutions is the structure of the systems themselves. This problem was the main concern of a research report written by Professor Burton R. Clark, Chairman of the Programme of Comparative and Historical Studies of Higher Education at Yale University, and the main elements of the report are given below.     

高考录取分数线的演变及成因探析——兼论高等教育入学机会的区域分配

本文分析了恢复高考以来各省分数线演化的基本走势,并从高校招生数、高等教育资源和基础教育水平等方面分析了原因,认为"倾斜的高考分数线"的形成与各地非均衡发展的经济、人口、文化、就业和教育资源配置及地理位置等息息相关,考试公平是一种理想方向,区域公平则是根据国情做出的现实选择。对于入学机会的分配,要区分社会提供的教育机会和非社会提供的教育机会,既要采取有效措施调控政府宏观政策带来的区域间教育机会的不平等,也要尊重和保护地理位置等非社会因素提供的教育机会不平等。     

THE ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION OF 80% OF YOUTH IN THE YEAR 2000

This article explores some of the probable consequences of the objective, elaborated throughout the French political spectrum, in favour of expanding French higher education enrollments such that by the year 2000, 80 percent of each age cohort will hold the baccalauriat and 90 percent of the latter will enroll in higher education. So far, the consequences of this objective have not been faced, particularly the tremendous changes required so as to make higher education in France universal. Certainly they will bring an end to the traditional elite nature of the French university with its emphasis on research and on the imparting of theoretical knowledge. Ineluctably, the emphasis will have to shift to practical courses and to career preparation. The author therefore suggests that the move to universality might best be accomplished by the development of numerous short‐term and vocationally oriented courses to be offered in distinct institutions to provide training to the bulk of the new entrants who will, for the most part, have completed high school in technical baccalaur éat sections. A traditionally oriented core within the university system will continue to offer long‐‐cycle courses admitting only the cream of the traditional general education baccalauriat holders and the best graduates of the new short‐cycle institutions. All the enrollees in the latter institutions should be encouraged to avoid over‐specialization so as to guarantee their professional flexibility with respect to future employment.

     

WOMEN AND HIGHER EDUCATION IN SWITZERLAND: ACCESS TO UNIVERSITIES/ STUDY PREFERENCES AND JOB OPPORTUNITIES

Using statistical analyses, the following article describes the present situation of women in Swiss higher education, the difficulties met by women to succeed in universities as well as in the job‐market where employment conditions are not always satisfactory. The reader might also refer to the article of Mrs. Wiederkehr‐Benz where a different aspect of the problem is presented.

Mrs. Esther Garke is attached to the Swiss Federal Office for Education and Science, Bern and she is also the liaison officer for CEPES in Switzerland.     

UNESCO SEMINAR ON NEW TYPES OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS AND PROGRAMMES IN.DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND REGIONS

The rôle of higher education in the process of socio‐economic development is widely recognised, but the particular institutional forms and programmes vary subject to the levels of socio‐economic development, needs and possibilities found in different countries. In this context UNESCO organized a Seminar on the Problems Involved in Setting‐up New Types of Higher Education Institutions and Programmes in Developing Countries and Regions (Paris, 5‐8 October 1976), which was attended by 10 participants from developing countries and observers from several international organizations.

New types of higher education establishment in developing countries were examined, and attention was given to new forms of study programme in existing institutions of higher education (eg. open universities, television universities, workers’ universities, correspondence and sandwich courses, etc.). The main trends and problems were identified and proposals were formulated for further UNESCO activities in this field.

Information on the main issues of the meeting is given below.     

军事因素对美国高等教育的影响及启示

军事因素对美国高等教育产生重大影响始自第二次世界大战 ,此后这种影响有明显增强的趋势。半个世纪以来美国高等教育的发展过程与三个源自军事目标的法案有着密切联系。当前 ,反恐战争对美国高等教育的影响逐渐显现。军事因素对美国高等教育产生重大作用的原因来自多方面。美国统筹协调高等教育与军事发展的做法具有重要的现实借鉴意义。     

THE FALSE RIGHT TO AUTONOMY IN EDUCATION

The ideal of personal autonomy enjoys considerable support in educational theory, but close analysis reveals serious problems with its core analytical and psychological components. The core conception of autonomy authorizes individuals to employ their imaginations in troubling and unhealthy ways that clash with sound ideals of moral character. Lucas Swaine argues in this essay that this gives grounds to deny that the core conception of autonomy should be promoted in democratic education. What is more, according to Swaine, young citizens appear to have no right to be educated, in public schools, for the purpose of becoming autonomous individuals of the kind he describes and criticizes in this account.