College Student Depression: Counseling Billy

A substantial portion of the college student population experiences affective disorders. This case study presents the conceptualization, course of treatment, and outcomes for a male college student presenting for counseling with depression. A review of Adlerian, cognitive‐behavioral, and Gestalt techniques is provided.     

阿德勒治疗法对古典精神分析治疗的继承与发展

阿德勒治疗法是由奥地利心理学家阿德勒最早创立的一种心理治疗方法,它以其个体心理学理论为基础,是目前世界上最主要的几种心理治疗方法之一。这一治疗方法对弗洛伊德开创的古典精神分析治疗既有继承,更有发展。一方面,它继承了古典精神分析治疗许多基本的思想与方法原则;另一方面,它提出了许多不同于古典精神分析治疗的概念、观点和具体技术。文章对阿德勒治疗法与古典精神分析治疗的这种复杂关系进行了简要探讨。     

Differential supervision and cognitive structure effects on empathy and counseling effectiveness

The present study investigated the effects of didactic and experiential supervision procedures on the judged counseling effectiveness of high and low cognitive complexity counselor trainees. Subjects in the two supervision groups (N=16) were trained in attending, questioning, and reflection of feeling over three sessions. Training consisted of exposure to videotaped counseling models, discussion of the model's behavior with the supervisor, videotaped role playing of therapy, and discussion of the therapy with the supervisor. Training was exactly the same for both groups except for supervision. A control group (N=8) did not receive any training. All subjects, including controls, were pre- and post-tested for counseling effectiveness as measured by judged tape ratings on the 25-item Counselor Effectiveness Scale and four scales designed to assess affective, exploratory, listening, and honest labeling responses.High complex subjects responsed more favorably to the didactic supervision significantly outperforming both the high complex controls and the low complex didactic subjects on four of the five dependent measures, whereas high and low complex subjects did not respond differentially to the experiential supervision. The results were discussed in terms of fitting the complexity of the students to the supervision approach in selecting students for counseling programs.This paper was presented at the International Round Table for the Advancement of Counselling, Thessaloniki, Greece, April 1980, and was based partly on the senior author's doctoral disser tation (University of Maine, 1978).     

论导游讲解的生动之法

导游生动的语言,不仅能引人入胜,还会起到情景交融的作用。要提高导游讲解的生动性,应从增加景点的名气、将熟悉内容转移到景点、丰富讲解内容、创新讲解内容等方面和使用笑话、比拟、排比等技法方面以及使用停顿、语速、眼神等节奏和肢体语言方面来提高。     

A Theory of Imperfection

In most counseling classes, entering students are very eager to learn techniques and theories of counseling. It is as if the students believe that these techniques will then enable them to be good counselors. If students were to succeed at their initial intention—the mastery of counseling theory and technique—all they would have are tools to distance them from their clients. In essence, the students would have the tools to work on clients and not with them. This article comments on the paradoxical nature of the teaching of counseling theory. The article demonstrates that what is correct are people and not the image people have of themselves. What is correct are the counselor's feelings between his or her clients and him or her. All counselors need do is pay attention to the correctness of their own responses to each client. They can only take a client as far along the road as they have traveled. All counselors really need to know is themselves. At this point their imperfections may be viewed as perfect and they need not depend on theories of counseling.     

Huck Finn,Moral Language and Moral Education

The aim of this article is twofold. Against the traditional interpretation of ‘the conscience of Huckleberry Finn’ (for which Jonathan Bennett's article with this title is the locus classicus) as a conflict between conscience and sympathy, I propose a new interpretation of Huck's inner conflict, in terms of Huck's mastery of (the) moral language and its integration with his moral feelings. The second aim is to show how this interpretation can provide insight into a particular aspect of moral education: learning a moral language. A moral education that has a proper regard for the flexibility of moral language and the importance of the integration of moral language and (pre‐)moral feelings should prevent such conflicts as Huck experienced from arising.     

Image interpretation: mining the visible and syntactic correlation of annotated words

Automatic web image annotation is a practical and effective way for both web image retrieval and image understanding. However, current annotation techniques make no further investigation of the statement-level syntactic correlation among the annotated words, therefore making it very difficult to render natural language interpretation for images such as ＂pandas eat bamboo＂. In this paper, we propose an approach to interpret image semantics through mining the visible and textual information hidden in images. This approach mainly consists of two parts： first the annotated words of target images are ranked according to two factors, namely the visual correlation and the pairwise co-occurrence; then the statement-level syntactic correlation among annotated words is explored and natural language interpretation for the target image is obtained. Experiments conducted on real-world web images show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Perceived contingency of teacher administered reinforcements and academic performance of boys

To determine the relationships among perceived contingency of teacher administered reinforcements, locus of control, and academic achievement, 49 sixth-grade boys were studied. In general, subjects who perceived their teachers as contingently punitive to boys were internal in locus of control and performed well on measures of academic achievement. An internal locus of control was also predictive of academic achievement. Perceived contingency of teacher rewards was not related to locus of control or academic achievement. These results were discussed as supporting the identity of learned helplessness and locus of control and the Seligman, Maier, and Solomon (1971) theory of learned helplessness.     

Cognitive design for instructional design

There is strong interest in the field of instructional design in building expert systems that can provide advice to inexperienced instructional designers. This paper questions whether the expert systems model to advice-giving is in fact appropriate for a design process such as instructional design. An alternate approach based on case-based reasoning and the critic approach to advice-giving is considered to be better adapted to the cognitive needs of this task. The cognitive constraints of the task are used to orient the design of an instructional design workbench. The concept of an ID workbench illustrates the direct application of cognitive science to a complex practical task in the area of design.     

Nonverbalized Feelings and Perceptions of the Counseling Relationship

The relationships between nonverbalized feelings and perceptions of the counseling relationship were investigated through the use of inprocess instrumentation. Fifteen clients used pushbutton handsets to record nonverbalized feelings of negativeness, positiveness, anxiousness, and frustration. Fifteen counselors used similar handsets to record perceptions of client responses in those categories. The Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory was used to assess participant perceptions of the counseling relationship. Frequencies of clients' nonverbalized feelings and counselors' perceptions of them were generally unrelated to the participants' perceptions of the counseling relationship.     

Experiences of HIV/AIDS Counselors in Zimbabwe and Their Perceptions on the State of HIV/AIDS Counseling in Zimbabwe

This study investigated Zimbabwean counselors' experiences of providing HIV/AIDS counseling and their perceptions about the state of HIV/AIDS counseling in Zimbabwe. The participants were a diverse group of counselors, 30 through 59 years of age, who provided counseling services to HIV/AIDS clients. Participants thought HIV/AIDS counselors in Zimbabwe received minimal support and supervision and were undertrained. They identified that the first sessions with clients were the most difficult. They also found it problematic to work with couples who were serodiscordant (one partner who is HIV positive and the other HIV negative) and couples wanting children. The later stages of the counseling process were also found to be challenging. Though the participants acknowledged they had negative psychological experiences when counseling HIV/AIDS clients, they also expressed feelings of satisfaction and fulfillment in their work.     

The effects of instructional organization and locus of control orientation on meaningful learning in high school biology students

This study investigated the effects on meaningful learning achievement of concept-related instructional organization and locus of control orientation. Two five-week instructional treatments were developed, one which explicitly stressed concept relationships and one which did not. Five hundred and forty-one subjects at six Indiana high schools were involved in the study. Analyses of covariance of posttest and six-week retention test scores with treatment as the independent variable showed no significant treatment effect. Analyses of variance of test scores with locus of control orientation as the independent variable resulted in highly statistically significant differences. Subjects with an internal locus of control orientation achieved more than externally oriented subjects. A two-way analysis of covariance by treatment and locus of control orientation resulted in a statistically significant treatment/locus of control interaction effect for retention test scores. Externally oriented subjects who were exposed to the concept-related treatment generally retained more than those in the comparison group. Internally oriented subjects retained about the same amount of information regardless of treatment group. When the male and female subjects were analyzed separately, the interaction effect appeared greater for females than for males.     

Dogmatism and Externality in Locus of Control As Related to Counselor Trainee Skill In Facilitative Responding

It was hypothesized in this study that dogmatism and externality in locus of control are inversely related to skill in facilitative responding when the effects of specific counselor training program, number of graduate hours in counseling, age, sex, race, and religious affiliation are controlled. The participants were 215 master's degree candidates majoring in guidance and counseling at three southwestern universities. Dogmatism and externality were measured by the Opinion Scale, and skill in facilitative responding was determined by application of the Gross Rating of Facilitative Interpersonal Functioning Scale to written responses of participants to 16 audiotaped client stimulus statements. Multiple regression and partial correlation techniques were used to test the hypothesis, and the results supported the hypothesis. The authors discuss implications of this study for counselor selection and education.     

A Modified Interpersonal Process Recall Technique as a Training Model

The use of a modified form of the Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR) technique was studied as an influence on the counseling dimensions of level of regard, empathic understanding, unconditionality of regard, and congruence. The subjects were advanced graduate students in a counseling practicum course. The hypothesis was that those groups which underwent the IPR treatment would demonstrate greater growth on the measured conditions of counseling. Analysis of covariance revealed no significant differences between groups on each of the four variables. An interpretation of the results is discussed and Suggestions are made for subsequent research.     

心理控制源与缺陷感对大学生孤独感的影响

目的：探讨心理控制源与缺陷感对大学生孤独感的影响,并分析缺陷感在心理控制源与孤独感之间的中介作用。方法：采用UCLA孤独量表、缺陷感量表和IPC量表对427名大学生进行问卷调查。结果：一是孤独感总分显著高于常模（t=9．86,P〈0．01）;缺陷感总分显著高于前人研究结果（t=10．33,P〈0．01）;内控性显著低于常模（t=-18．40,P〈0．01）,机遇显著高于常模（t=4．09,P〈0．01）。二是对于男大学生,自尊、社交自信和体能能反方向显著预测孤独感（β=-0．29、-0．29和-0．23,P〈0．05）;对于女大学生,自尊、社交自信能反方向显著预测孤独感（β=-0．29和-0．38．P〈0．01）。三是缺陷感在内控性预测孤独感中,起部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的比率为47％;而缺陷感在两种外控源（机遇、势力他人）预测孤独感中起完全中介效应。结论：心理控制源和缺陷感对孤独感都有显著预测作用,缺陷感在心理控制源预测孤独感之间起中介作用。     

International Counseling Traits: Identifying Counseling Traits Ranked most Important by International Counseling Professionals through Q-Sort Analysis

Research has shown an increase in the study and discussion of international counseling throughout the past decade in the mental health domain. The counseling profession continues to take steps to address the lack of access to and the quality of counseling support throughout the world. A Q-sort methodology was utilized in order to capture an understanding of what might be identified as the most important traits for counselors to consider when counseling in international settings. A uniquely constructed Q-sort model developed from a careful review of the literature resulted in 35 items that were evaluated by 43 participants in two phases of analysis. The results from the Q-sort led to fuller consideration of the 12 counseling traits ranked highest. Three core themes that emerged from the data included: valuing people, personal character, and multicultural intentionality. Discussion about the highest ranked traits and core themes provides consideration of research implications and future studies in international counseling as a whole.     

远行人必会讲故事——“文学与现实”的关系一解

针对德国学者顾彬对中国作家＂为什么要讲故事＂的批评,阐述了从20世纪80年代至今中国小说家的路径选择,即从倾心于模仿博尔赫斯和法国新小说,把＂讲什么＂转换为＂怎么讲＂,以＂纯文学＂对抗强大的政治话语的压迫,到上世纪90年代以来的有关反省,以及用讲故事的方式应对急骤变化的社会现实的自觉努力。分析中国文学＂为什么要讲故事＂的内在机理,梳理现代性、本土化、乡土情怀、现实感与中国文学基本经验的关系。     

在高校辅导员工作中引入团体辅导

文章从效率提高、感受分享、资源共享、有效迁移四个方面分析了在高校辅导员工作中引入团体辅导的优势,并阐述了辅导员开展团体辅导的基本过程,包括目标确定、计划制定、过程控制等过程。     

激流三部曲的距离控制

在激流三部曲中,巴金有意无意地采取了一系列的距离控制方法,通过对各种距离关系的调整和控制,左右着读者的反应,调节着读者的阅读感受。小说作者与小说隐含作者、小说作者与小说人物、小说作者与读者之间的距离控制,是巴金在处理主体与主体之间关系上做出的努力;另外,巴金在主体与客体的关系的处理上也有他独到的做法。