Conducting the economic censuses

Conducting the economic censuses successfully requires systematic planning and cooperation among many Census Bureau organizational units in every stage of operation through the final publication of the results. While large companies complete industry-specific questionnaires about their operations, the censuses are conducted more efficiently, at less cost, and with less burden on the small business community by using data from administrative records of other Federal agencies. Due to major improvements in data processing techniques, the results of the latest censuses, which covered calendar year 1982, were released earlier than ever before. For 1987, the Census Bureau plans further improvements in its processing system, with the goal of still earlier release of data.     

Determining economic census content

Determining the content of the Economic Census is one of the Census Bureau's most important tasks. It involves balancing the needs of the data user with the burden imposed on the respondents; deciding which of the competing needs for data are most important and appropriate for the Economic Census; and working with groups that represent both data users and data suppliers to develop questions that will result in data that are both accurate and relevant.     

Economic censuses around the world

An economic census can be the major source of statistics on the economic activities of a country. Developed countries with well-developed statistical infrastructures have a long history of economic census-taking. For other countries, particularly those with a developing economy and infrastructure, the resources and expertise required to conduct an economic census are not present. Despite this, developing countries are recognizing the importance of an economic census program. Some of these countries have undertaken a full economic census in recent years, while others have limited their census activities to sectors of particular importance. Organizations, such as the Agency for International Development and the World Bank, have provided some assistance to developing nations that are contemplating conducting a complete census by developing standard questionnaires and both tabulation and programming modules, in addition to providing technical assistance and training programs.     

Racial categories used in the decennial censuses, 1790 to the present

Measuring the increase in racial diversity in the United States has received growing interest for the last three decades. The topic was of concern to the founding fathers, who categorized inhabitants using such terms as “White,” “free person,” or “slave.” We continue to categorize people by race.This article examines decennial census questionnaires, enumerator instructions, and actual categories used to define the race groups in this country from 1790 to the present to document the country’s efforts to categorize its racial populations. The influence of political and social conditions will become obvious as we journey through the archives of census schedules and enumerator instructions on how people have been categorized racially in this country.     

Evaluating population estimates in the United States: Counting the population between the censuses

Population estimates play an important role in shaping public policy and research. Librarians as well as users need to be proficient in evaluating the limitations of the statistic. This article provides a brief history of population estimates as well as a discussion of general principles for evaluating and understanding population estimates.     

Determining the type of e-government use

This article aims to understand what determines the degree of e-government use for multiple purposes by analyzing the Government Online Survey data that the Pew Internet and American Life Project provide. Three main purposes of e-government use are identified as: service use, information use, and policy research. The degree of e-government use for a specific purpose is predicted by five sets of determinants: psychological factors of technology adoption, civic mindedness, information channels, trust in government, and socio-demographic and personal characteristics. Sociodemographic conditions influence usage level of various transactional services provided by e-government. Perceived ease of use facilitates the acquisition of general information through e-government. Civicness is a critical determinant of e-government use for policy research. Policy researchers who are more engaged with and concerned about society, neighbors, and government are emerging as a new class of e-government users.     

关于文献内容揭示的几点思考

本文通过对图书馆文献内容揭示现状的分析，提出要在文献编目数据中加入揭示文献内容的“提要”字段，作为必备字段；加入“读者评论”链接，把封闭的、静态的编目数据改变成为读者可以参与的开放的、动态的数据，充分发挥编目数据揭示文献内容的功能；加强和深化主题标引工作，利用主题目录更好地揭示馆藏文献资源，更好地为读者服务。     

Timeliness of the contents of certain legal publications

Librarians and lawyers depend on the publishers of legal materials to provide quick access to the court opinions, statutes, and regulations needed for legal research. There has been no systematic study, however, of the comparative speed with which legal publications provide the text of legal documents to users. This article presents a statistical analysis of the performance of certain commonly used legal publications, measured by the time elapsed from the issuance of a legal document to the receipt by a library of a publication containing that document. The article concludes that some of the truisms of legal research (that, for instance, official reporters of court opinions are always slower than commercially published reporters) are questionable, and that more extensive and refined statistical analysis is needed to ascertain the efficiency of the legal publication system.     

Measuring the economic impact of the British library

Assessing the British Library's contribution to the national economy is a complex matter, requiring consideration of a number of different dimensions. First, the value added by the Library takes many forms—economic, cultural, social and intellectual. Second, the British Library adds value both to those who use our products and services directly, and to the wider UK population who benefit indirectly from the Library's existence and the services it provides. Traditionally, attempts to assess these benefits have taken the form of qualitative case studies—telling good stories, but failing to provide a comprehensive evaluation. But now a technique supported by the Nobel Prize winning economists, Kenneth Arrow and Robert Solow, permits a coherent quantitative evaluation of the total benefit to the nation of publicly funded institutions and programmes. Recognising the value of this technique, the British Library commissioned a groundbreaking research study to estimate the impact of the Library on the UK economy. The study demonstrates that the Library generates value of around 4.4 times the level of its annual public funding of £83m. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first time the ‘Contingent Valuation’ technique has been used to derive a figure for the overall economic impact of a national or major research library.     

论地方农林科技刊物选题

为了办好刊物,突出地方农业科技刊物的特色,作者总结了天津农林科技刊物办刊40多年的经验,提出了应该抓住的五条线:a.要坚持放眼全国突出地方特色的主干线,b.要紧扣带有时代特色的分界线,c.要掌握实用价值的标准线,d.要不离具有先进技术的水平线,和e.抓住科技信息的高速线。     

科技期刊目次的美学审视

以《新建筑》杂志改版及建筑类期刊为例,论述了期刊目决的功能与"合目的性"审美、期刊目决的位置与"合逻辑性"审美,以及期刊目次编辑的形式美法则;指出在科技期刊目次的版式设计中,宜讲求自己独特的美学形态。     

内容质量决定论文的被引频次

通过对2篇发表在国内期刊的高被引论文的分析,认为论文的被引频次决定于其内容质量,即发表在影响因子不高期刊上的论文同样可以获得很高的关注度和被引频次。进而认为争取优秀稿件、扩大显示度并力求尽快发表,是提升刊物影响力和被引频次的重要手段。     

爆破工程中装药量的确定方法研究

爆破技术在工程中应用广泛,在爆破实践中,装药量是爆破设计的最关键的技术参数,它不仅关系到爆破的成本,而且关系到爆破的安全和效果。本文从工程实践角度,深入探讨了工程爆破中炸药单耗的确定方法、总装药量的确定方法以及炸药分配的一般原则．为爆破设计和施工提供了简单而实用的技术方法。