The 2011 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry Presented to Kyriacos C. Nicolaou

The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awards the 2011 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry to Professor Kyriacos C. Nicolaou for his extraordinary contributions to chemistry, biology, and medicine through the advancement of the art of synthesis as exemplified by the elegant total syntheses of some of nature's most complex biologically active molecules. Nicolaou is recognized as a world leader in the field of total synthesis for his work in chemical synthesis and chemical biology. His total syntheses are legendary, distinguished for their elegance and practicality. Among his most celebrated achievements are the total syntheses of calicheamicin γ₁^I, Taxol^®, brevetoxin B, vancomycin, and thiostrepton. The impact of his work transcends total synthesis, for it often leads to the discovery and invention of new synthetic strategies and technologies as well as biological tools and drug candidates, thereby facilitating discoveries in biology and medicine. Nicolaou's influence on science and society extends beyond his research discoveries. Through his didactic lectures and writings, he motivates and inspires students into the sciences and informs the public about the importance of science and education to society.     

中药丁香罗勒多糖含量的测定

目的:测定丁香罗勒多糖含量,为丁香罗勒抗前列腺癌活性研究提供依据。方法:用苯酚-硫酸法测定丁香罗勒水提取物中多糖的含量。结果:丁香罗勒多糖含量为9.1%。结论丁香罗勒多糖有可能为抗前列腺癌的主要成分之一,具有进一步研究的价值。     

微时代：多元文化对大学校园文化建设的挑战与对策

随着网络信息媒体的不断进步,当今世界已悄然进入＂微时代＂。各种＂微产品＂文化交流日益频繁,文化多元化的趋势日益明显。大学作为多种思想文化的发源地和集散地,首当其冲地受到多元文化影响。我们不否认多元文化为大学文化注入了新的活力,但是多元文化对大学校园文化的建设也带来了严峻挑战。     

2维原子晶体材料的研究现状与未来

近年来,以石墨烯为代表的2维原子晶体材料因其独特的2维结构、丰富而新奇的物理化学性质与广阔的应用前景,迅速成为凝聚态物理与材料科学领域的研究前沿。本文概要地介绍了石墨烯的制备、石墨烯的物理与物性、石墨烯的可能应用及其他2维原子晶体材料的研究进展,并对2维原子晶体材料的未来发展趋势进行了分析与讨论。     

Protein and cell patterning in closed polymer channels by photoimmobilizing proteins on photografted poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate

Definable surface chemistry is essential for many applications of microfluidic polymer systems. However, small cross-section channels with a high surface to volume ratio enhance passive adsorption of molecules that depletes active molecules in solution and contaminates the channel surface. Here, we present a one-step photochemical process to coat the inner surfaces of closed microfluidic channels with a nanometer thick layer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), well known to strongly reduce non-specific adsorption, using only commercially available reagents in an aqueous environment. The coating consists of PEG diacrylate (PEGDA) covalently grafted to polymer surfaces via UV light activation of the water soluble photoinitiator benzoyl benzylamine, a benzophenone derivative. The PEGDA coating was shown to efficiently limit the adsorption of antibodies and other proteins to <5% of the adsorbed amount on uncoated polymer surfaces. The coating could also efficiently suppress the adhesion of mammalian cells as demonstrated using the HT-29 cancer cell line. In a subsequent equivalent process step, protein in aqueous solution could be anchored onto the PEGDA coating in spatially defined patterns with a resolution of <15 μm using an inverted microscope as a projection lithography system. Surface patterns of the cell binding protein fibronectin were photochemically defined inside a closed microfluidic device that was initially homogeneously coated by PEGDA. The resulting fibronectin patterns were shown to greatly improve cell adhesion compared to unexposed areas. This method opens for easy surface modification of closed microfluidic systems through combining a low protein binding PEG-based coating with spatially defined protein patterns of interest.     

“水质分析化学”课程教学改革初探与思考

进行水质分析化学的课程建设和教学改革是提高本科教学质量的保证。本文结合浙江工商大学水质分析化学的课程教学经验,提出了一些教学改革和探索的意见。通过实践表明,这些尝试能提高学生对该课程的学习兴趣和热情,调动学生的主动性和积极性。     

Enzyme engineering: accomplishments and prospects

Developments in enzyme technology could lead to a completely new type of chemical industry utilizing moderate conditions of pH, temperature, and pressure to produce, from wastes or by-products, high yields of complex chemicals without generating new waste products that pollute the environment. The new tools of this branch are immobilized, as opposed to dissolved, enzymes or whole cells with enzymatic capacity. Methods of biochemistry must be applied at the same time, including genetic manipulation, molecular ageing, and protein chemistry.     

The endeavor of total synthesis and its impact on chemistry,biology and medicine

The synthesis of urea in 1828 set in motion the discipline of organic synthesis in general and of total synthesis in particular, the art and science of synthesizing natural products, the molecules of living nature.Early endeavors in total synthesis had as their main objective the proof of structure of the target molecule.Later on, the primary goal became the demonstration of the power of synthesis to construct complex molecules through appropriately devised strategies, making the endeavor an achievement whose value was measured by its elegance and eiciency. While these objectives continue to be important, contemporary endeavors in total synthesis are increasingly focused on practical aspects, including method development,eiciency, and biological and medical relevance. In this article, the emergence and evolution of total synthesis to its present state is traced, selected total syntheses from the author's laboratories are highlighted,and projections for the future of the ield are discussed.     

The first 'molecular disease': a story of Linus Pauling, the intellectual patron

In November 1949, chemist Linus Pauling and three colleagues published an article on sickle-cell anemia, a study that opened up new and exciting possibilities for research into such 'molecular diseases'. Even before this celebrated publication appeared in Science, Pauling foresaw its potential benefits and announced it as a medical breakthrough: '... our structural chemistry and understanding of molecules is getting to the point where it should be of assistance in converting medicine into a real science' [Guiles, R. (1949) Discovery of blood disease called key to cancer research. The Detroit Times 13 Sep 1949, Newspaper Clippings 1949n.18, Pauling Papers.]. Their discovery--that this debilitating disorder was caused by an abnormal form of hemoglobin--was borne out of a rich mix of expertise, from Pauling's remarkable intuition to the careful experimental chemistry of his student Harvey A. Itano. It also relied upon technological innovation: a custom-made electrophoresis machine housed at the California Institute of Technology was the perfect tool to reveal fundamental chemical differences between normal and abnormal forms of hemoglobin. Not only did this work establish a new way of looking at inherited diseases, it also stimulated the mass production of the electrophoresis machine as an essential investigative and diagnostic tool. A close inspection of this case study illustrates just how Pauling ran his laboratory and helps to explain how one man could achieve so much over his lifetime.     

Jöns Jakob Berzelius: the creative conservative

There are many kinds of great men. Berzelius was one, but he was not a Newton, an Einstein, or a Faraday. He set up no world system, he carried out no radical transformation of ideas, he opened up no new vistas through epochmaking experiments. Yet he gathered the whole of the science of chemistry into his intellect, digested it, influenced it in every branch, gave it a notation as elegant as that of music, inspired the next generation, and was superseded by it. He was right more often than he was wrong, and his creative conservatism gave chemistry a discipline it still possesses.     

加强土壤和产地环境管理促进农业可持续发展

近年来, 我国农业综合生产能力不断跃上新的台阶, 有力保障了国家粮食安全和主要农产品有效供给, 在支撑经济社会发展大局中发挥了至关重要的基础作用。但长期以来, 由于我国农业发展主要以追求产量为目标, 一些地方水土等资源的过度开发和化学投入品的过量使用, 导致了农业资源消耗与环境污染问题日益突出。针对我国粮食和主要农产品供给已进入"总量基本平衡、结构性短缺、长期性偏紧"的新常态特征, 以及我国农业资源总量不足、质量不高, 特别是时空配置上的不协调和利用上的不合理, 农业面源污染与土壤退化等问题, 必须从保障我国粮食及主要农产品数量供给安全、农产品质量安全、农产品产地资源环境安全的目标任务出发, 加强土壤和产地环境治理, 加快农业生态文明建设, 走中国特色现代农业可持续发展道路。     

The supply of information on chemical reactions in the IDC system

The possibilities and limitations of chemical reaction names as the basis for retrieving literature dealing with reaction types are briefly reviewed, as well as the capability of a mere substructure search in a file of reactants and products. It is demonstrated that reaction indexing ideally should be based on the identification of the reaction sites of the molecules involved, as well as on the representation of various kinds of relations between these reactive centers. The GREMAS reaction indexing of IDC is discussed as an example. Before a chemist can request information on reaction types that appear promising for a certain target molecule, he must be aware of their existence. The task of computer-assisted synthesis design is to submit suggestions of conceivable synthetic pathways to a target structure and so to alert the chemist to syntheses of which he had not yet been aware. The “reverse retrieval” technique is demonstrated to constitute a fundamental principle for this kind of information supply. If sufficiently developed and assisted by an effective system for the documentation and classification of reaction types, it can provide suggestions for syntheses at a considerable efficiency without requiring completion by additional principles. The IDC system of (Sub-) Structure search seems to be able to serve this purpose too, due to its flexibility, economics, and precision. The reverse retrieval offers solutions to a number of problems hitherto unresolved in information science.     

沼液高值化利用研究进展

结合国内外研究进展,从沼液高值化利用的角度出发,先后介绍了鸟粪石结晶法、膜生物反应器在沼液高值化利用方面的研究进展和存在问题,最后,提出实行集中托管运行管理模式,探索沼气工程运营机制和沼气产品经济合理利用方式及其组合,是今后沼液高值化利用的方向。     

A microfluidic DNA computing processor for gene expression analysis and gene drug synthesis

Boolean logic performs a logical operation on one or more logic input and produces a single logic output. Here, we describe a microfluidic DNA computing processor performing Boolean logic operations for gene expression analysis and gene drug synthesis. Multiple cancer-related genes were used as input molecules. Their expression levels were identified by interacting with the computing related DNA strands, which were designed according to the sequences of cancer-related genes and the suicide gene. When all the expressions of the cancer-related genes fit in with the diagnostic criteria, positive diagnosis would be confirmed and then a complete suicide gene (gene drug) could be synthesized as an output molecule. Microfluidic chip was employed as an effective platform to realize the computing process by integrating multistep biochemical reactions involving hybridization, displacement, denaturalization, and ligation. By combining the specific design of the computing related molecules and the integrated functions of the microfluidics, the microfluidic DNA computing processor is able to analyze the multiple gene expressions simultaneously and realize the corresponding gene drug synthesis with simplicity and fast speed, which demonstrates the potential of this platform for DNA computing in biomedical applications.     

绿色合成——杂环化合物在水溶液中的合成

近年来,随着工业的飞速发展,工业污染越来越严重。化学化工工艺方面导致的环境污染已成为人们日益关注的问题。这就要求科研活动及其实际应用对环境产生的危害降到最低,甚至达到仿生化学的程度。为了实现这个愿望,无环境污染的新的合成技术已经有所发展并在工业中得到应用。本文主要阐述了以水为有机合成溶剂的绿色合成技术及其目前的发展现状,并举例说明以水为有机合成溶剂的特点及其相对于有机溶剂的优点。     

Chemistry as the defining science: discipline and training in nineteenth-century chemical laboratories

The institutional revolution has become a major landmark of late-nineteenth century science, marking the rapid construction of large, institutional laboratories which transformed scientific training and practice. Although it has served historians of physics well, the institutional revolution has proved much more contentious in the case of chemistry. I use published sources, mainly written by chemists and largely focused on laboratories built in German-speaking lands between about 1865 and 1900, to show that chemical laboratory design was inextricably linked to productive practice, large-scale pedagogy and disciplinary management. I argue that effective management of the novel risks inherent in teaching and doing organic synthesis was significant in driving and shaping the construction of late-nineteenth century institutional chemical laboratories, and that these laboratories were essential to the disciplinary development of chemistry. Seen in this way, the laboratory necessarily becomes part of the material culture of late-nineteenth century chemistry, and I show how this view leads not only to a revision of what is usually known as the laboratory revolution in chemistry but also to a new interpretation of the institutional revolution in physics.     

超分子科学研究进展

超分子化学是基于分子间的非共价键相互作用而形成的分子聚集体的化学,在与材料科学、生命科学、信息科学、纳米科学与技术等其它学科的交叉融合中,超分子化学已发展成了超分子科学,被认为是21世纪新概念和高技术的重要源头之一。本文介绍了近几年超分子科学研究中的热点和基本问题,愿为我国超分子科学的研究提供参考。     

基于环签名构造具有指定验证者的类群签名方案

基于环签名思想提出一个类似门限群签名的匿名签名方案,解决了门限群签名中管理员权限过大,而环签名又无法追踪签名人身份的问题。与已有的门限群签名方案相比,因保留了环签名的部分特征,新方案具有以下优点:(1)管理员的权限受到控制,必须和签名接收方合作才能共同追踪签名者的身份;(2)能方便更改门限值;(3)方便加入或注销群成员,系统参数只需少量改变。     

多种教学方法相结合的有机化学教学模式之我见——以《芳烃》为课例分析

在教学过程中,为了克服学生学习过程中对有机化学的各种畏难情绪及理论体系不明晰的感觉,有效的调动学生学习有机化学的积极性,加强对旧知识的巩固及新知识的掌握,提高教学的质量,文章将情景教学、问题教学、多媒体教学、模块化法、对比法等多种教学方法相结合的教学模式应用于有机化学《芳烃》一章教学进行了探讨,结果显示多种教学方法相结合的教学模式在有机化学教学中具有重要作用。     

Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786)

This year marks the bicentenary of the death of Scheele, one of the 18th century school of Swedish chemists whose researches contributed notably to understanding of the nature of minerals. In 1772, some two years before Priestley, he isolated oxygen, the key to the new chemistry. His investigations ranged widely and his work on organic acids entitles him to be regarded as a founder of organic chemistry.