环丙沙星在鳗鲡组织中残留的消除规律

在26～28℃及18～22℃水温下，以每千克体重给予50mg环丙沙星的比例对鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)进行灌胃给药，然后采用高效液相色谱技术，分别于给药后的第4、5、6、7、9、15及21天测定环丙沙星在鳗鲡的血液、肌肉、胆汁和肾脏组织中的含量变化规律．结果显示，环丙沙星在鳗鲡体内的消除速度与水温有密切关系．在26～28℃水温下，肌肉、血液、胆汁和肾脏中的环丙沙星残留分别在第6、第7和第9天消除；而在18～22℃水温下，除肾脏中环丙沙星残留于第15天消除外，其余三种组织中环丙沙星残留的消除时间均延长至21天，表明水温对鳗鲡体内的药物代谢有明显的影响，环丙沙星残留的消除速度随水温降低而减慢．从食品安全角度来分析，在26～28℃水温下用药的鳗鲡，其上市前环丙沙星的停药期应不少于9天，而在18～22℃水温下用药的鳗鲡，其停药期应不少于21天．本研究结果为鱼类食品安全标准的制定提供了科学依据．     

天然药物资源专业委员会在促进中药资源科学发展中的地位与作用——纪念中国自然资源学会成立30周年

天然药物资源专业委员会成立于1994年,旨在构建中药及天然药物资源研究领域学术交流平台,促进学科进步和技术合作,以提高产业发展水平,为人类医疗事业及中药产业提供质优量足的中药原料。本文介绍了天然药物资源专业委员会的建立背景、发展历史及其为促进中药资源学科发展和专业建设所做的贡献。专业委员会成立近20年来,在中国自然资源学会的指导、帮助和支持下,经历届专业委员会全体同仁的共同努力,主要作用:①建立并不断完善中药资源学科体系,培育了中药资源化学、中药资源生态学等学科;精心组织学术交流,扩大学科影响力;专业委员会成员在中药资源调查、保护、开发和利用等方面取得了显著成果;②创建了中药资源与开发专业,目前全国已有30余所大专院校开设相关专业,为国家培养了大批中药资源专业人才;组织编写了首套中药资源专业系列规划教材;及时整理学科研究成果,出版了一批中药资源学科代表性著作;③协助国家食品药品监督管理局制订并发布实施《中药材生产质量管理规范》(GAP),积极发挥学会人才优势开展GAP技术服务,有力推动了该项工作的顺利开展和有效实施,十余年来,已有94家基地57种中药材通过GAP认证,促进了我国中药及天然药物资源的可持续发展。     

A single nucleotide mutation in the dual-oxidase 2 (DUOX2) gene causes some of the panda's unique metabolic phenotypes

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an iconic bear native to China, famous for eating almost exclusively bamboo. This unusual dietary behavior for a carnivore is enabled by several key adaptations including low physical activity, reduced organ sizes and hypothyroidism leading to lowered energy expenditure. These adaptive phenotypes have been hypothesized to arise from a panda-unique single-nucleotide mutation in the dual-oxidase 2 (DUOX2) gene, involved in thyroid hormone synthesis. To test this hypothesis, we created genome-edited mice carrying the same point mutation as the panda and investigated its effect on metabolic phenotype. Homozygous mice were 27% smaller than heterozygous and wild-type ones, had 13% lower body mass-adjusted food intake, 55% decreased physical activity, lower mass of kidneys (11%) and brain (5%), lower serum thyroxine (T4: 36%), decreased absolute (12%) and mass-adjusted (5%) daily energy expenditure, and altered gut microbiota. Supplementation with T4 reversed the effects of the mutation. This work uses a state-of-the-art genome editing approach to demonstrate the link between a single-nucleotide mutation in a key endocrine-related gene and profound adaptive changes in the metabolic phenotype, with great importance in ecology and evolution.     

Standardization of a dilution method for cyclosporin (C2) estimation in renal transplant patients

Accurate monitoring of blood cyclosporin C2 levels is vital to prevent over immunosuppression and acute renal toxicity in patients who receive organ transplant. The matrix used to dilute patients’ C2 samples prior to the assay affected the final measured values. Hence there was a need to develop a method of dilution that would accurately estimate C2 levels when cyclosporin levels were beyond the calibration range of the method employed. Whole blood, cyclosporin free hemolysate and cell and protein free supernatant obtained after pretreatment of normal blood were used to dilute patients’ C2 samples. C2 was measured in 188 patients using the supernatant method of dilution. C2 was correlated with Co and dose of cyclosporin received by the patient. The use of cell and protein free supernatant obtained after pretreatment of normal blood as a C2 diluent detected higher levels of C2 in the sample. Measured C2 correlated significantly with Co and the cyclosporin dose received by the patient. The uniformly aqueous cell and protein free supernatant ensures uniform dilution of the patients’ C2 sample and measures higher cyclosporin levels.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

Revolution in Miniature. The History and Impact of Semiconductor Electronics Second Edition by Ernest Braun and Stuart Macdonald (Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, 1982) pp. viii + 247, $A15.50 (pb), ISBN: 0-521-24701-2 (hb), 0-521-28903-3 (pb)

This paper provides a review of Israel's science and technology policy and traces the growth and development of technology intensive industry in that country. Such policy has generally been neutral with regard to industry, technological field or class of product; concentrates on industrial R &; D directly performed in industrial firms; and is an integral part of overall national industrial policy — being centred in the Ministry of Industry and Commerce. Drawing upon case studies and other statistical evidence, the paper argues that such policy has been partly responsible for Israel's success in building up an indigenous, export-oriented, high technology sector.     

爆裂法作为快速测定流体包裹体中二氧化碳（和其它气体）含量的手段及其在勘探中的使用：以中国山东和河北省金矿为例

The acoustic decrepitation method heats a small monomineralic sample and counts pressure impulses as the inclusions burst when they develop high internal pressures. For aqueous fluids, the decrepitation temperature is correlated with the homogenisation temperature, but gas rich fluids give a distinct and characteristic low temperature decrepitation peak which can be used to recognize gas rich fluid inclusions. This information is useful in exploration for Au deposits, which are frequently associated with CO2 rich and sometimes CH4 rich fluids. This distinctive decrepitation occurs because the CO2 rich inclusion fluids expand according to the gas law and develop internal pressures high enough to burst the host mineral grain at temperatures well below their homogenisation temperatures. In contrast, aqueous fluids condense to a liquid and vapour phase during post-entrapment cooling. Upon subsequent heating their internal pressures do not increase significantly until after homogenisation to a single phase occurs and hence they do not decrepitate ＂prematurely＂ as gas rich inclusions do. This behaviour is usually regarded as an annoyance in conventional microthermometric homogenisation studies, but can readily be used as an exploration aid to find mineralisation deposited from such gas rich fluids. Decrepitation results on samples from Cowra Ck, NSW, Australia, which have also been microthermometrically measured for CO2 content, show that amounts of less than 5 mole % CO2 are easily distinguished by decrepitation and amounts as low as 1 mole % CO2 may be determinable. Examples of the use of acoustic decrepitation in the study of 6 gold mines in the Shandong and Hebei provinces of China are discussed.     

Amelioration of Combination of Paclitaxel and Di Allyl Sulfide on the Alterations of Bcl2, P53 and Apoptosis Changes Against 7,12 Di Methyl Benz (A) Anthracene Induced Skin Cancer in Experimental Animals

The purpose of this study was to investigate the Bcl2, P⁵³ and apoptosis changes against skin cancer in experimental animals. Skin cancer is the most common form of human cancer. It is estimated that over 1 million new cases occur annually. The annual rates of all forms of skin cancer are increasing each year, representing a growing public concern. It has also been estimated that nearly half of all Americans who live to age 65 are likely to develop skin cancer at least once. Skin cancer was induced in rats by Di Methyl Benz (a) Anthracene at the dosage of DMBA (5 µg) per animal, three times a week for 28 weeks after conformation of skin cancer treated with Paclitaxel and Di allyl sulfide for 30 days. The levels of Bcl2 gene expression were significantly decreased and P⁵³gene expression were markedly increased in Paclitaxel and Di allyl sulfide treated animals when compared with cancer bearing animals. The treatment with combination of Paclitaxel and Di allyl sulfide effectively reduced Bcl2 protein expression and also increased P⁵³gene expression. Moreover, the levels of Bcl2 and P⁵³ a good indicators of restoring the skin architecture, were also reversed in skin damage subjects after treatment with the herbal compounds preparation. So, from the obtained results it is concluded that a combination of Paclitaxel and Di allyl sulfide is capable of restoring the skin architecture and can also increase the apoptosis activities in skin cancer rats.     

新疆生产性服务业与制造业协调发展研究

基于1995—2012年新疆的时间序列数据,采用耦合协调度方法及灰色关联模型,探讨新疆生产性服务业与制造业协调发展的关系及影响因素。研究表明,新疆生产性服务业与制造业耦合协调度较低,处于周期性失调的状态。新疆生产性服务业与制造业协调影响程度排序为:经济发展结构资本累积科学创新金融支持力度经济外向性程度人力资本。建议两者从产业融合、科学创新、固定资产投资和外商投资方面做出调整,实现新疆生产性服务业与制造业协调发展。