Ultrasound-Based Fetal Tracking Technology During Labor: Is It the Next Best Thing?

In this column, the author reprises a recent selection from the Lamaze International research blog, Science & Sensibility. With the introduction of a new technology intended to acutely track fetal station and position during labor through birth, questions are being raised about the necessity—and possible danger—of this technology and its potential impact on normal birth.     

Recent research questions the values of routine intervention

Under appropriate circumstances, intervention in labor and birth can be valuable, even lifesaving. But interventions can also become routine procedures. This paper reviews three recent studies in which the focus of research is common interventions: electronic fetal monitoring and epidural anesthesia. A fourth study reviewed here examines the effect of previous vaginal birth and fetal weight on the success of vaginal birth after cesarean.     

Safe and healthy birth: the importance of data

In this column, the author reprises recent selections from the Lamaze International research blog, Science & Sensibility. Each selection discusses the mismatch between data commonly collected at the time of birth and the data needed to measure optimal care for physiologic birth. Selections include the importance of documenting duration of skin-to-skin contact after birth, the role of qualitative research in improving care in the second stage of labor, and pitfalls of meta-analyzing data on the safety of planned home birth.     

Research Summaries for Normal Birth

In this column, the author summarizes research studies relevant to normal birth. The studies summarized include a large trial evaluating the effect of prior vaginal births after a cesarean on outcomes in subsequent births; a study linking umbilical cord blood pH with intellectual outcomes in childhood; and a prospective trial evaluating the effect of routine antenatal nonstress testing on maternal anxiety. The author also highlights four articles about normal birth in a recent nursing journal series dedicated to the topic.     

First,Do No Harm: How Routine Interventions,Common Restrictions,and the Organization of Our Health-Care System Affect the Health of Mothers and Newborns

In this column, the author reprises recent selections from the Lamaze International research blog, Science & Sensibility. Each selection discusses a new study that demonstrates the “First, do no harm” principle in a different way. New research on the potentially harmful effects of intravenous lines demonstrates that refraining from routine interventions in labor protects the safety of women and babies. A new systematic review of movement and position changes in labor shows that eliminating unfounded restrictions also protects maternal and infant health and well-being. Finally, a study of patterns of use of neonatal intensive care units reveals how the organization of the maternity care system itself can affect the health outcomes of its beneficiaries.     

In This Issue—The Impact of Birth Physiology on the Transition to Motherhood

In this column, the associate editor of The Journal of Perinatal Education discusses the impact of birth physiology on the transition to motherhood. The associate editor also describes the contents of this issue, which offer a broad range of resources, research, and inspiration for childbirth educators in their efforts to promote, support, and protect natural, safe, and healthy birth.     

全球化问题研究的回顾与思考 --再论全球化问题研究的路径和方法

全球化问题是国内外学术界10多年来的主要热点之一，但总体上看，国内的研究相对滞后；全球化问题研究中出现了许多不同的观点，并存在着很大的争论，其中有不少涉及全球化问题研究的路径与方法问题。用正确的历史观考察全球化的产生，用系统论的观点研究全球化的发展，用科学的辩证法剖析全球化的后果，从全球视角研究全球化条件下的民族国家地位，用国际政治经济学的观点揭示全球化的本质，有助于全球化研究中的若干重大问题的进一步深入探讨。     

《山海经》研究两千年述评

<山海经>研究两千年来,成就最大的是近20年.两千年来研究成果主要体现在7个方面文本的整理与校注,篇目考证,图与文的关系,作者论考,写作时代考,性质论,价值论.综合两千年的研究,我们认为今后<山海经>研究应注意4个方面的问题不因承认它的一种价值而否定它的其他价值;对<山海经>的注释尚不完善,应成立考察队,在实地考察之后,重新科学地进行注释;研究者应以事实说话;突破单枪匹马的研究方式,协同作战.     

Birth,Bath, and Beyond: The Science and Safety of Water Immersion During Labor and Birth

The 2014 objection to birth in water voiced by both the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) in ACOG Bulletin #594 on immersion in water during labor and birth is nothing new. The Committee on Fetus and Newborn published the very same opinion in 2005, based on a case report that was published in 2002 in the journal Pediatrics. What has changed since 2002 is a growing body of evidence that reports on the safety and efficacy of labor and birth in water. This article reviews the retrospective literature on water birth and explains newborn physiology and the protective mechanisms that prevent babies from breathing during a birth in water.     

Distributed Learning: Data, Metacognition, and Educational Implications

A major decision that must be made during study pertains to the distribution, or the scheduling, of study. In this paper, we review the literature on the benefits of spacing, or spreading one's study sessions relatively far apart in time, as compared to massing, where study is crammed into one long session without breaks. The results from laboratory research provide strong evidence for this pervasive “spacing effect,” especially for long-term retention. The metacognitive literature on spacing, however, suggests that massing is the preferred strategy, particularly in young children. Reasons for why this is so are discussed as well as a few recommendations regarding how spacing strategies might be encouraged in real-world learning. While further research and applicability questions remain, the two fields—education and cognitive science—have made huge progress in recent years, resulting in promising new learning developments.     

From Vision to Change: Educational Initiatives and Research at the Intersection of Physics and Biology

In this editorial we link the articles published in this Special Issue with the framework from Vision and Change and summarize findings from the editorial process of assembling the Special Issue.The authors of Vision and Change (American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS], 2011 ) issued the following call to action to biologists, physicists, chemists, and mathematicians:

To ensure that all students graduate with a basic level of scientific literacy and meet the challenges raised in Bio 2010: Transforming Undergraduate Education for Future Research Biologists (2003), Scientific Foundations for Future Physicians: Report of the AAMC-HHMI Committee (2009), A New Biology for the 21st Century (2009), and similar reports, biologists, physicists, chemists, and mathematicians need to look thoughtfully at ways they can introduce interdisciplinary approaches into their gateway courses. (AAAS, 2011 , p 54)

The articles that comprise this special issue of CBE—Life Sciences Education (LSE) take important steps toward responding to this call by describing teaching and learning at the intersection of biology and physics. Broadly defined, the work aims to encourage the development of genuine interdisciplinary understanding, or “the capacity to integrate knowledge and modes of thinking in two or more disciplines or established areas of expertise to produce a cognitive advancement … in ways that would have been impossible or unlikely through single disciplinary means” (Boix Mansilla and Duraisingh, 2007 , p. 219). Indeed, many of the most exciting recent breakthroughs in the life sciences have occurred at the intersection of these established disciplines. Physical laws help to predict, describe, and explain biological phenomena occurring at molecular to ecosystem levels, and the development of new physical tools helps to visualize these phenomena in new and informative ways. Thus, the Vision and Change report stresses the urgency for undergraduate biology and physics educators to develop, assess, and revise content materials, pedagogical strategies, and epistemological perspectives for encouraging student learning in interdisciplinary biology and physics classes.We received more than 50 abstracts in response to the call for this special issue, and we are pleased to publish 10 Articles, four Essays, and eight Features reflecting the state of educational transformation at the intersection of biology and physics. Several articles describe integration of physics into biology curriculum or biology into physics curriculum that goes beyond simple provision of examples from the respective disciplines (e.g., Batiza et al., Christensen et al., Svoboda Gouvea et al., O’Shea et al., Thompson et al., Breckler et al.). A number of articles address cross-cutting themes, such as problem solving (e.g., Hoskinson et al.) and energy (e.g., Cooper and Klymkowsky, Svoboda Gouvea et al.), the application of mathematical laws to biological phenomena (e.g., Redish and Cooke), epistemology (e.g., Watkins and Elby), and assessment as a powerful tool for driving curriculum change, in this case the integration of physics and biological thinking (e.g., Svoboda Gouvea et al., Momsen et al., Thompson et al.). Other articles reflect research crossing disciplinary boundaries to introduce research approaches (e.g., Watkins and Elby, Momsen et al.) or innovative curriculum models (e.g., Manthey and Brewe, Donovan et al., Thompson et al.) to help students develop reasoning strategies that move beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries. The Hillborn and Friedlander essay highlights potential impacts of cross-disciplinary collaboration in education on the revised Medical College Admission Test.We were pleased by the number of articles coauthored by physicists and biologists working in teams to examine and recommend new directions for the future of biology education. These teams brought a richness and depth of knowledge in both disciplines that made it possible to move instruction and research forward at the intersection of the disciplines. Together, these articles start to provide the evidence base for responding to the calls for interdisciplinary teaching and learning. Further, they provide opportunities to compare and contrast education and epistemologies in biology and physics, allowing for more informed integration of knowledge from these disciplines.     

From Psychoprophylactic to Orgasmic Birth

The assumptions on which educators based childbirth education principles were valid when psychoprophylactic birth became available. Yet, educators and health-care providers have changed their assumptions about birth as they have learned more from the midwifery model of care, how women want to give birth, and how capable the body is to give birth. Educators'' teaching must now emphasize the synchrony of hormones that facilitates birth, the Sphincter Law, and the sharing of woman-to-woman stories throughout the generations if birth is to be set in its rightful place—in the hands of the mothers.     

Reducing the rate of cesarean birth

This column examines recent research that illustrates the varying perspectives of cesarean birth and vaginal birth.     

Childhood maltreatment experiences and problematic sexual outcomes in adult males who have sexually offended: Further evidence of the potency of male caregiver psychological abuse

BackgroundAlthough research on the developmental antecedents of sexual offending has tended to focus on sexual abuse, recent research in juveniles and adults who have sexually offended suggests that psychological abuse perpetrated by a male caregiver may be a particularly important factor in the development of problematic sexual interests and behaviors.ObjectiveThis study aimed to extend previous findings by investigating the association between psychological abuse by a male caregiver and problematic sexual outcomes in a sample of adult males who had sexually offended.ParticipantsParticipants were 529 adult males incarcerated for sexual offenses, 21% of whom were civilly committed.MethodsChildhood maltreatment and problematic sexual outcomes were assessed using the Multidimensional Assessment of Sex and Aggression, a contingency-based inventory that assesses domains related to sexual aggression. Hierarchical regressions were calculated examining the association between childhood abuse types and sexual outcomes.ResultsChildhood sexual abuse was associated with child sexual (β = .247, p < .001) and other paraphilic interests (β = .189, p < .001). Male caregiver psychological abuse also emerged as marginally associated with child sexual interest (β = .100, p = .059), even after controlling for other abuse types.ConclusionsThese results partially replicate recent findings in a juvenile sample and challenge conventional developmental theories of sexual offending, by suggesting that male caregiver psychological abuse may play a role in the etiology of child sexual interest among males who have sexually offended. This study also suggests a possible gender symmetry effect moderating the developmental consequences of abuse.     

In This Issue—Preparing for Birth During the COVID-19 Pandemic

In this column, the editor of The Journal of Perinatal Education discussed how the COVID-19 pandemic has altered many aspects of promoting normal pregnancy and birth practices. The editor also describes the contents of this issue, which offer a broad range of resources, research, and inspiration for childbirth educators in their efforts to promote, support, and protect natural, safe, and healthy birth.     

《孙子兵法》与经营管理研究百年

近百年来,日本首先引领了《孙子兵法》与经营管理的研究,成果也最为丰富。20世纪80年代后,许多国家开始了对《孙子兵法》与经营管理的研究。我国在改革开放后,随着经济的发展,也出现了大量的对《孙子兵法》与经营管理的研究。不过目前高水平的研究尚不多,许多研究成果尚未完全得到经营管理学界主流期刊的认同。在未来研究中,人们需要面对四个方面的挑战:第一,研究队伍与研究范式的挑战;第二,语言文化研究的挑战;第三,跨学科研究的挑战;第四,现代商业伦理的挑战。只有很好地应对这四个方面的挑战,才能把《孙子兵法》与经营管理研究推向一个新的高度。     

Where to Give Birth

In this column, the editor of The Journal of Perinatal Education discusses choices mothers make when deciding on where to give birth. The editor also describes the contents of this issue, which offer a broad range of resources, research, and inspiration for childbirth educators in their efforts to promote, support, and protect natural, safe, and healthy birth.     

The Journal of Perinatal Education, No Longer a Baby

In this column, the editor of The Journal of Perinatal Education (JPE) acknowledges how, over the past 20 years, the JPE has matured into a highly respected journal for normal-birth advocates and other health professionals and announces a new partnership with Springer Publishing Company. The editor also describes the contents of this issue, which offer a broad range of resources, research, and inspiration for childbirth educators in their efforts to promote natural, safe, and healthy birth.     

Worth the Wait

In this column, the editor of The Journal of Perinatal Education discusses disadvantages of not waiting for labor to begin on its own and the effects of elective induction and cesarean surgery. The editor also describes the contents of this issue, which offer a broad range of resources, research, and inspiration for childbirth educators in their efforts to promote, support, and protect natural, safe, and healthy birth.